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00:00:05,714 --> 00:00:08,091
We are in the
midst of an emergency

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00:00:08,216 --> 00:00:11,136
at least equal to that of war.

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00:00:11,219 --> 00:00:14,514
When you talk like that, you
sound like a president, Frank.

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00:00:14,597 --> 00:00:17,934
Franklin Roosevelt was
elected in an hour of crisis.

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00:00:18,018 --> 00:00:20,854
Our fundamental
economic infrastructure

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00:00:20,979 --> 00:00:22,230
had fallen apart.

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This nation asks for
action and action now.

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FDR believed in
bold experimentation.

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Big programs were being
passed, boom, boom, boom, boom.

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We all know what
we're up against,

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00:00:37,579 --> 00:00:40,415
but now it's our turn to fix it.

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Franklin Roosevelt
was the president

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00:00:46,212 --> 00:00:50,842
who had to face the Great
Depression and World War II.

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The only thing we have
to fear is fear itself.

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He was ambitious and
active, incredibly privileged,

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but he suffered.

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00:01:01,936 --> 00:01:05,315
You've contracted
infantile paralysis.

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00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:08,485
And he's had setbacks.

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But through pain
can come wisdom.

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The country's on
the edge of a cliff,

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but we're not going
to let it fall.

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What do you plan to
do with this power?

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He has a vision to change
the very soul of America.

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I pledge myself to a New
Deal for the American people.

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American democracy
was literally

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resting on his shoulders.

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This was zero hour.

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[speaking german]

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Get everybody in here.

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00:01:38,139 --> 00:01:41,559
He knew that he needed
to project real strength.

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He is the dealer and hope
for the entire free world.

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An invasion of France
is courting disaster.

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He took risks.

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Again and again you see these
moments of great daring.

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ROOSEVELT: Success may not
come with rushing speed,

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but we shall return
again and again.

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Roosevelt led the
grand alliance to victory

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00:02:03,832 --> 00:02:05,291
over fascism.

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00:02:05,375 --> 00:02:08,336
This was a tumultuous,
complicated period of time.

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It's a mistake to think that he
somehow got everything right,

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00:02:11,965 --> 00:02:14,300
but there was something
about that voice,

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00:02:14,384 --> 00:02:16,886
there was something
about that smile.

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That empathy, that
humility, that resilience,

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all those qualities that
FDR just had triumphantly

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00:02:24,018 --> 00:02:25,311
built into his character.

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By 1935, FDR is fighting
the great economic depression

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with the New Deal.

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00:02:40,869 --> 00:02:42,537
Well, did they start
construction for the housing

49
00:02:42,662 --> 00:02:44,330
yet?

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00:02:44,414 --> 00:02:46,791
He pushes forward with a whole
new set of New Deal policies.

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The White House
had become the most

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00:02:48,543 --> 00:02:51,254
exclusive residential hotel
you could possibly imagine.

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00:02:51,379 --> 00:02:53,381
Missy LeHand, his
secretary, lived right there

54
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with the family in
the White House.

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Tell the boss
I'll be right there.

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Louis Howe did as well.

57
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Congress vote yet?

58
00:02:58,970 --> 00:03:00,638
Not yet.

59
00:03:00,722 --> 00:03:02,265
He wants you to rest.

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00:03:02,390 --> 00:03:06,186
People saw Louis Howe as a
rumpled, gruff, unimpressive

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00:03:06,311 --> 00:03:09,480
person, but inside that
person was political genius,

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00:03:09,564 --> 00:03:11,441
and FDR really relied on him.

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00:03:11,566 --> 00:03:14,027
The Senate is voting on
the Social Security Bill now.

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We'll know any moment.

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00:03:15,570 --> 00:03:17,530
Missy LeHand is
his close confidant.

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She basically comes to control
access to the president

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like a chief of staff.

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00:03:22,327 --> 00:03:23,661
Still waiting on
the Senate, Boss.

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00:03:23,745 --> 00:03:25,205
The house did their job.

70
00:03:25,288 --> 00:03:27,540
Now the Senate better
not drop the ball.

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00:03:27,624 --> 00:03:29,709
Some of them have it in for me.

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Harry Hopkins is
involved with starting

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00:03:31,294 --> 00:03:33,838
a number of the big
New Deal agencies,

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00:03:33,922 --> 00:03:36,257
and he became FDR's
closest advisor.

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00:03:38,801 --> 00:03:42,472
Up until that point, people
were essentially on their own.

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00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:46,726
Private charities, states could
attend to the most vulnerable,

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00:03:46,809 --> 00:03:50,521
but the government was really
there to get out of the way.

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FDR is challenging
the core assumption

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that government has no role
in helping the common man.

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00:03:56,945 --> 00:03:59,656
The federal government is now
going to take responsibility

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00:03:59,781 --> 00:04:02,492
for helping people, for helping
farmers, for helping banks,

82
00:04:02,617 --> 00:04:05,286
for helping individuals,
putting them back to work.

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00:04:08,998 --> 00:04:13,002
The New Deal rebuilt the
infrastructure of America

84
00:04:13,127 --> 00:04:17,465
at the same time as
providing work for people

85
00:04:17,548 --> 00:04:20,718
and giving them back the
dignity and mastery of work.

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00:04:20,802 --> 00:04:22,720
It was an incredible
accomplishment.

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00:04:27,308 --> 00:04:29,269
He created a sense of energy.

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00:04:29,394 --> 00:04:31,896
There was a sense of
possibility, a sense of we're

89
00:04:31,980 --> 00:04:34,107
trying this, that,
and the other thing.

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00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:37,360
And Social Security was
really important for FDR.

91
00:04:37,443 --> 00:04:39,904
He felt enormous empathy
for the older people

92
00:04:39,988 --> 00:04:41,614
in that stage of their lives.

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00:04:41,698 --> 00:04:43,783
He's basically saying, we're
going to create a system that

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00:04:43,825 --> 00:04:45,368
when you're old, .

95
00:04:45,451 --> 00:04:47,620
You're not going to be
destitute an enormous percentage

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00:04:47,704 --> 00:04:49,956
of the population who
were over 65 at that point

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00:04:50,039 --> 00:04:52,250
lived in abject poverty.

98
00:04:52,333 --> 00:04:55,878
But that Social Security Act
was pretty radical at its time.

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00:04:56,004 --> 00:04:58,047
Many people denounced
it as socialism.

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00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:01,718
They vote yet?

101
00:05:01,843 --> 00:05:03,219
Louis, you should be in bed.

102
00:05:03,344 --> 00:05:04,095
I'm fine.

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00:05:23,656 --> 00:05:26,826
Passed on a voice vote.

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00:05:26,909 --> 00:05:29,078
Ready to sign.

105
00:05:29,203 --> 00:05:30,663
Congratulations, sir.

106
00:05:30,788 --> 00:05:33,041
Thank you, sir.

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That's it, Frank.

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Social Security is law.

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It'll change the lives
of millions of Americans.

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It's only the beginning.

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00:05:40,631 --> 00:05:42,467
The Republicans are going
to beat you over the head with

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00:05:42,550 --> 00:05:44,093
this in '36.

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00:05:44,218 --> 00:05:46,429
And the Supreme Court wants
to throw out the New Deal.

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00:05:46,554 --> 00:05:48,348
Oh, they'll have
to wait in line.

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00:05:48,473 --> 00:05:50,308
It's going to be
a tough campaign.

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00:05:50,391 --> 00:05:51,893
You know what to do.

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00:05:52,018 --> 00:05:53,519
Let them have it.

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00:05:56,981 --> 00:06:00,818
FDR changes the very character
of what government should

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00:06:00,943 --> 00:06:04,405
be responsible for in the
creation of a social safety

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00:06:04,489 --> 00:06:05,656
net.

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00:06:05,740 --> 00:06:07,950
He says, if the
American people fall,

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00:06:08,076 --> 00:06:09,786
the government will catch you.

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00:06:09,911 --> 00:06:14,165
This is a vision that changes
the very soul of America

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00:06:14,248 --> 00:06:17,668
and persists to this day.

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00:06:17,752 --> 00:06:22,006
Social Security almost
entirely eliminated poverty

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00:06:22,090 --> 00:06:23,633
among the elderly.

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00:06:23,758 --> 00:06:27,678
It instantly reoriented the
covenant between the state

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00:06:27,762 --> 00:06:29,305
and the people.

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00:06:29,430 --> 00:06:34,435
As the American people are
benefiting from a stronger,

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00:06:34,519 --> 00:06:37,021
bigger American
government and presidency

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00:06:37,105 --> 00:06:40,608
than they have in the past,
there's also this concern of,

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is he going to be too big?

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00:06:42,777 --> 00:06:44,695
Is he going to be too powerful?

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00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:47,240
It's a mistake to think
that Franklin Roosevelt was

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00:06:47,365 --> 00:06:51,828
this majestic figure who
somehow got everything right.

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00:06:51,911 --> 00:06:55,081
He was an active,
tough politician.

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00:06:55,164 --> 00:06:57,917
He had active, tough opponents.

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00:06:58,042 --> 00:07:01,838
Newspaper publishers
didn't like him.

139
00:07:01,963 --> 00:07:04,590
The elite felt that
FDR wasn't doing what

140
00:07:04,674 --> 00:07:06,551
an American government
is supposed to do,

141
00:07:06,634 --> 00:07:09,053
which is help the wealthy.

142
00:07:09,137 --> 00:07:12,974
Roosevelt was allowing a
portion of the population

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00:07:13,057 --> 00:07:16,144
that they had very little
respect for to gain power,

144
00:07:16,227 --> 00:07:18,062
to gain a voice.

145
00:07:18,146 --> 00:07:19,689
They called him a
traitor to his class

146
00:07:19,772 --> 00:07:21,023
and this sort of thing,
because Roosevelt

147
00:07:21,149 --> 00:07:22,567
should have been one of them.

148
00:07:22,650 --> 00:07:24,819
He was born into money.

149
00:07:24,902 --> 00:07:27,447
I think polio changed
him fundamentally.

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00:07:27,530 --> 00:07:29,740
It taught him some of the
virtues that he may not

151
00:07:29,824 --> 00:07:31,117
have had naturally.

152
00:07:31,242 --> 00:07:33,619
It taught him humility,
as he himself said.

153
00:07:33,744 --> 00:07:36,289
He began to feel that he
could connect to other people

154
00:07:36,414 --> 00:07:39,417
to whom fate had also
dealt and unkind hand.

155
00:07:39,500 --> 00:07:42,128
He was somebody
who loved people, who

156
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had a sense of social
justice, and he gravitated

157
00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:47,133
towards ordinary people.

158
00:07:47,216 --> 00:07:50,094
It was just his heart and soul.

159
00:07:50,178 --> 00:07:52,722
Oliver Wendell Holmes, the
former Supreme Court justice,

160
00:07:52,847 --> 00:07:55,766
famously said, FDR has
a second class intellect

161
00:07:55,850 --> 00:07:57,935
but a first rate temperament.

162
00:07:58,019 --> 00:08:00,396
And he meant temperament
is character.

163
00:08:00,521 --> 00:08:02,398
Temperament's the way
you treat other people.

164
00:08:02,523 --> 00:08:04,650
It's the way you
relate to problems.

165
00:08:04,734 --> 00:08:05,818
It's your confidence.

166
00:08:05,902 --> 00:08:07,278
It's your optimism.

167
00:08:07,361 --> 00:08:09,614
Which is another case
of a dream coming true.

168
00:08:09,697 --> 00:08:13,451
It's all those qualities
that FDR just had triumphantly

169
00:08:13,534 --> 00:08:15,953
built into his character.

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00:08:16,037 --> 00:08:18,915
In the 1930s, as Americans
are still dealing with the Great

171
00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:23,419
Depression at
home, things abroad

172
00:08:23,544 --> 00:08:25,463
seem to be getting
quite perilous.

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00:08:37,225 --> 00:08:40,102
Hitler has seized the Rhineland.

174
00:08:40,228 --> 00:08:43,940
Italy under Mussolini
has invaded Ethiopia.

175
00:08:44,065 --> 00:08:47,985
Japan over in the Pacific
has invaded China.

176
00:08:48,069 --> 00:08:50,821
And all the while also, the
Spanish Civil War is raging.

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00:08:55,535 --> 00:08:58,579
Franklin Roosevelt
understood the Great Depression

178
00:08:58,704 --> 00:09:00,456
as a crisis for democracy.

179
00:09:00,581 --> 00:09:02,250
He is looking across
the ocean and he's

180
00:09:02,333 --> 00:09:04,502
seeing that when
people have nothing

181
00:09:04,585 --> 00:09:06,337
and they're not
being given anything,

182
00:09:06,462 --> 00:09:09,006
it is very easy to
slide into dictatorship.

183
00:09:12,426 --> 00:09:15,763
So for him, getting the
state to take action

184
00:09:15,888 --> 00:09:18,474
really is about
saving democracy.

185
00:09:18,599 --> 00:09:20,184
It's not about
obliterating capitalism.

186
00:09:20,268 --> 00:09:22,728
It's about saving it.

187
00:09:22,812 --> 00:09:24,564
NEWSREADER: As election
time draws near,

188
00:09:24,689 --> 00:09:26,649
President Roosevelt
speeds up his campaign

189
00:09:26,774 --> 00:09:30,987
with a whirlwind trip covering
5,000 miles and 11 states.

190
00:09:31,112 --> 00:09:34,699
During the 1936 presidential
campaign for his second term,

191
00:09:34,782 --> 00:09:37,410
FDR believed we needed
a whole new partnership

192
00:09:37,535 --> 00:09:39,203
between government
and the people,

193
00:09:39,287 --> 00:09:42,248
and it had come partway, but it
had to outlast the Depression.

194
00:09:42,331 --> 00:09:45,126
It had to be the permanent
part of American life.

195
00:09:45,251 --> 00:09:48,838
Big business was very actively
campaigning against him.

196
00:09:48,921 --> 00:09:51,924
They were trying to find ways
to undermine him because they

197
00:09:52,008 --> 00:09:55,303
feared that he was going to
shift the balance of power.

198
00:09:55,386 --> 00:09:57,388
They attack him personally,
they attack his wife,

199
00:09:57,471 --> 00:10:00,099
they attack everything
he tries to do.

200
00:10:00,224 --> 00:10:03,728
During this campaign, FDR talks
about these economic royalists,

201
00:10:03,811 --> 00:10:05,313
how they hate him,
that there has never

202
00:10:05,396 --> 00:10:08,608
been such a powerful coalition
directing their hatred

203
00:10:08,733 --> 00:10:10,192
towards a candidate before.

204
00:10:10,318 --> 00:10:14,238
And I welcome their hatred.

205
00:10:14,322 --> 00:10:16,282
He is mad at what
they're saying about him,

206
00:10:16,365 --> 00:10:18,492
he's mad at the
criticisms being called,

207
00:10:18,618 --> 00:10:21,412
Franklin Stalino
Roosevelt, and being called

208
00:10:21,495 --> 00:10:24,915
a communist and a socialist.

209
00:10:24,999 --> 00:10:27,126
And at the Democratic
National Convention,

210
00:10:27,209 --> 00:10:29,920
he is really loaded for bear.

211
00:10:30,004 --> 00:10:31,589
He's saying, I
welcome the challenge.

212
00:10:31,672 --> 00:10:32,548
Let's have this fight.

213
00:10:32,632 --> 00:10:33,424
You want to fight with me?

214
00:10:33,507 --> 00:10:34,216
Let's have this fight.

215
00:10:34,342 --> 00:10:35,801
[cheering]

216
00:10:39,805 --> 00:10:40,765
Hi, Jim.

217
00:10:45,186 --> 00:10:46,937
FDR was giving the
acceptance speech

218
00:10:47,021 --> 00:10:49,440
at the Democratic
convention, and he

219
00:10:49,523 --> 00:10:54,195
had to be helped by his son
Jimmy holding on to his arm.

220
00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:58,658
There are all these fears that
if people saw weakness in him,

221
00:10:58,741 --> 00:11:02,411
they might discredit
everything that he could do,

222
00:11:02,536 --> 00:11:05,790
that any challenge to
his physical strength

223
00:11:05,873 --> 00:11:07,792
means the country is not strong.

224
00:11:10,753 --> 00:11:12,129
Mr. President.

225
00:11:12,213 --> 00:11:14,507
Adwell, how lovely to see you.

226
00:11:26,060 --> 00:11:28,813
Pick me up.

227
00:11:28,896 --> 00:11:31,357
Clean me up.

228
00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:33,025
Don't step on my goddamn speech.

229
00:11:37,071 --> 00:11:37,780
You OK?

230
00:11:37,905 --> 00:11:39,198
I'm fine.

231
00:11:39,281 --> 00:11:40,825
[cheering]

232
00:11:47,748 --> 00:11:49,875
He said that that fall
was the hardest few moments

233
00:11:49,959 --> 00:11:52,878
in his life.

234
00:11:53,003 --> 00:11:55,589
It was one of the few moments
where you really see that anger

235
00:11:55,673 --> 00:11:58,467
and frustration come out.

236
00:11:58,592 --> 00:12:01,303
There's an outer FDR that
the public sees as he's waving

237
00:12:01,387 --> 00:12:04,223
and smiling, and then there's
the inner FDR who's terrified

238
00:12:04,306 --> 00:12:06,392
that at any moment
he could fall over.

239
00:12:06,475 --> 00:12:10,062
He was in pain from these
steel braces on his leg.

240
00:12:10,146 --> 00:12:14,108
But he got up, gets to
the podium, and not a word

241
00:12:14,191 --> 00:12:15,901
was said about
his having fallen.

242
00:12:15,985 --> 00:12:18,154
Not a picture was
taken of him falling.

243
00:12:18,279 --> 00:12:20,239
Photographers had
a code of honor

244
00:12:20,322 --> 00:12:22,324
that they would never
show him in his wheelchair

245
00:12:22,408 --> 00:12:23,868
with his braces.

246
00:12:23,951 --> 00:12:25,286
I mean, here he's now
president of the United States,

247
00:12:25,411 --> 00:12:27,580
sprawled on the floor,
speech rolled out,

248
00:12:27,663 --> 00:12:29,999
and somehow able to put
that together and get up

249
00:12:30,124 --> 00:12:32,042
there and deliver one
of the famous speeches

250
00:12:32,126 --> 00:12:32,960
of American history.

251
00:12:35,963 --> 00:12:41,510
To some generations,
much is given.

252
00:12:41,635 --> 00:12:46,932
Of the generations,
much is expected.

253
00:12:47,016 --> 00:12:53,898
This generation of Americans
has a rendezvous with destiny.

254
00:12:53,981 --> 00:12:55,483
[cheering]

255
00:12:57,985 --> 00:12:59,779
There was a huge
challenge that

256
00:12:59,862 --> 00:13:02,698
was facing this generation,
and it wasn't simply getting

257
00:13:02,782 --> 00:13:04,408
through the Depression.

258
00:13:04,492 --> 00:13:07,286
He wanted to make an economy
that would work from the ground

259
00:13:07,411 --> 00:13:09,622
up rather than the top
down, and that meant

260
00:13:09,705 --> 00:13:11,332
changing the rules of the game.

261
00:13:11,415 --> 00:13:13,876
It meant expanding
the New Deal programs

262
00:13:14,001 --> 00:13:17,254
and creating an economic system
that was fairer, that would

263
00:13:17,338 --> 00:13:19,131
have a safety net put under it.

264
00:13:19,215 --> 00:13:28,057
We are fighting, fighting to
save a great and precious form

265
00:13:28,182 --> 00:13:34,814
of government for ourselves
and for the world.

266
00:13:34,897 --> 00:13:38,609
And so I join with you.

267
00:13:38,692 --> 00:13:43,072
I am enlisted for for
the duration of the war.

268
00:13:47,409 --> 00:13:49,578
There's no question I think,
when you read oral histories,

269
00:13:49,662 --> 00:13:52,456
people felt that FDR
had saved their lives,

270
00:13:52,540 --> 00:13:54,583
saved their children's
life, given them a chance

271
00:13:54,667 --> 00:13:55,918
to go forward.

272
00:13:56,001 --> 00:13:58,671
The public showed
their gratitude in 1936

273
00:13:58,754 --> 00:14:01,757
when he won it
overwhelming victory.

274
00:14:01,882 --> 00:14:04,969
Roosevelt wins everything
except for two states.

275
00:14:05,052 --> 00:14:09,473
It is the most dominant win
of any modern president.

276
00:14:09,557 --> 00:14:14,728
That we've seen thus far

277
00:14:14,854 --> 00:14:17,022
After this huge
victory, he feels

278
00:14:17,106 --> 00:14:20,276
like I've got to be able to
do whatever I need to do now

279
00:14:20,401 --> 00:14:22,528
to keep the country
moving forward.

280
00:14:22,653 --> 00:14:25,781
When you feel that you are the
person who's leading the people

281
00:14:25,906 --> 00:14:29,827
and that you have a destiny,
hubris can result from that.

282
00:14:29,910 --> 00:14:33,664
And he decides to change the
nature of the Supreme Court,

283
00:14:33,747 --> 00:14:37,167
which had, in fact, been
throwing out a lot of his New

284
00:14:37,251 --> 00:14:38,794
Deal legislation.

285
00:14:38,919 --> 00:14:40,504
And FDR was furious.

286
00:14:40,588 --> 00:14:42,882
He called in a bunch of old
men who weren't aware of what

287
00:14:42,965 --> 00:14:44,216
was happening in this country.

288
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:47,011
Roosevelt's philosophy
of political life

289
00:14:47,094 --> 00:14:49,179
was you figure out your way
around the obstacles in front

290
00:14:49,263 --> 00:14:50,556
of you.

291
00:14:50,639 --> 00:14:51,974
And at that point at
the beginning of 1937,

292
00:14:52,099 --> 00:14:53,684
the principal obstacle
is the Supreme Court.

293
00:14:53,767 --> 00:14:57,229
So Roosevelt began to talk
in earnest with his attorney

294
00:14:57,313 --> 00:14:59,023
general, Homer Cummings.

295
00:14:59,148 --> 00:15:01,901
What could be done
about the Supreme Court,

296
00:15:01,984 --> 00:15:03,861
given that they are
appointed for life?

297
00:15:03,944 --> 00:15:07,323
So Cummings secretly within
the Justice Department

298
00:15:07,448 --> 00:15:11,410
began what he would refer to as
a project of great importance

299
00:15:11,493 --> 00:15:14,413
to push the old
fossils off the court.

300
00:15:14,496 --> 00:15:17,583
He's going to add five
or six new justices to it.

301
00:15:17,708 --> 00:15:19,835
Any justice who's
over the age of 70

302
00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:21,629
is going to have
another judge appointed

303
00:15:21,712 --> 00:15:23,422
to help with his workload.

304
00:15:23,505 --> 00:15:25,716
The balance would be
righted on the Supreme Court

305
00:15:25,799 --> 00:15:27,384
and he could move
on with the New Deal

306
00:15:27,509 --> 00:15:29,053
and on with the recovery.

307
00:15:29,136 --> 00:15:31,639
Very few people knew that
he had been planning on this.

308
00:15:31,722 --> 00:15:34,224
The proposal had been
drafted in secret.

309
00:15:34,308 --> 00:15:35,893
Big story for you today.

310
00:15:35,976 --> 00:15:37,770
It's all spelled out
in that document,

311
00:15:37,853 --> 00:15:40,356
but no one leaves
with it till I'm done.

312
00:15:40,481 --> 00:15:41,982
It's a good thing we
brought our lunches, sir.

313
00:15:42,066 --> 00:15:45,945
Oh, I wouldn't want
you to starve, Joe.

314
00:15:45,986 --> 00:15:47,404
Oh, wait a minute.

315
00:15:47,488 --> 00:15:49,782
Mr. President, this bill
changes the entire makeup

316
00:15:49,865 --> 00:15:50,824
of the Supreme Court.

317
00:15:56,330 --> 00:15:57,957
Mr. President, this bill
changes the entire makeup

318
00:15:58,040 --> 00:15:59,792
of the Supreme Court.

319
00:15:59,833 --> 00:16:01,794
The benefit of keeping
things close to the vest

320
00:16:01,877 --> 00:16:04,797
is that you don't have everybody
in the world picking at it,

321
00:16:04,922 --> 00:16:08,217
pulling it apart, and it keeps
people interested in what you

322
00:16:08,342 --> 00:16:10,386
have to say when you
finally do say something.

323
00:16:10,511 --> 00:16:13,097
But the Supreme Court, it's
like, well, wait a minute.

324
00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:15,265
Isn't this just another way
for you to get more justices

325
00:16:15,349 --> 00:16:16,058
on your side?

326
00:16:16,141 --> 00:16:17,726
Is it even legal?

327
00:16:17,851 --> 00:16:20,020
I'm not proposing anything
that has not been done before.

328
00:16:20,145 --> 00:16:23,941
Congress has changed the
number of justices six times.

329
00:16:24,024 --> 00:16:25,359
So you're going to
force them to retire?

330
00:16:25,442 --> 00:16:26,986
People aren't
going to like this.

331
00:16:27,069 --> 00:16:30,948
Look here, people voted for
me because I have new ideas.

332
00:16:31,031 --> 00:16:34,493
All I want to do is
give people a chance

333
00:16:34,618 --> 00:16:36,578
to get what they voted for.

334
00:16:36,662 --> 00:16:37,871
Who's really behind this?

335
00:16:37,955 --> 00:16:41,166
[people shouting questions]

336
00:16:41,250 --> 00:16:42,751
What do you plan to
do with this power?

337
00:16:47,131 --> 00:16:50,259
The court packing episode was
the biggest political mistake

338
00:16:50,384 --> 00:16:51,760
of his life.

339
00:16:51,885 --> 00:16:53,971
The problem was when he
sprung it on the Congress

340
00:16:54,054 --> 00:16:56,974
and sprung it on the American
people, no one bought it.

341
00:16:57,057 --> 00:16:59,435
For the first time,
Roosevelt's golden touch

342
00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:02,438
failed him, and
Congress pushed back.

343
00:17:02,563 --> 00:17:04,189
They did not let him
pack the Supreme Court.

344
00:17:04,314 --> 00:17:05,941
He'd gone a bridge too far.

345
00:17:06,066 --> 00:17:09,111
He'd really become arrogant in
a way that he had not before,

346
00:17:09,236 --> 00:17:12,364
and this was a blow to him.

347
00:17:12,448 --> 00:17:16,827
His power comes from the people,
and he can't outrun his supply

348
00:17:16,910 --> 00:17:19,371
lines, and he became
more politically cautious

349
00:17:19,455 --> 00:17:21,707
as a result.

350
00:17:21,832 --> 00:17:23,000
It is really
astonishing, when you

351
00:17:23,083 --> 00:17:25,169
look at the political
critique of FDR

352
00:17:25,252 --> 00:17:27,713
in the late 1930s, the
number of his critics

353
00:17:27,796 --> 00:17:30,841
that referred to him as
a dictator in the making.

354
00:17:30,966 --> 00:17:32,634
He is going to
make himself king,

355
00:17:32,760 --> 00:17:36,180
he's going to seize all
power if we don't stop him.

356
00:17:39,433 --> 00:17:41,685
By this time, the
economic instability

357
00:17:41,769 --> 00:17:44,188
that had been felt in America
had, of course, been shared

358
00:17:44,271 --> 00:17:46,565
by countries all over
the world, leading

359
00:17:46,648 --> 00:17:49,902
in those other countries to
political instability as well,

360
00:17:50,027 --> 00:17:53,864
and Roosevelt is aware that
this is looming abroad.

361
00:17:53,947 --> 00:17:56,075
HITLER: [speaking german]

362
00:17:57,618 --> 00:18:00,537
FDR spoke German and he
could understand what Hitler

363
00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:01,705
was actually saying.

364
00:18:05,042 --> 00:18:08,712
And he was horrified by his
vision for what the Third

365
00:18:08,796 --> 00:18:10,130
Reich was going to do.

366
00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:20,724
Adolf Hitler believed
freedom was irrelevant.

367
00:18:20,808 --> 00:18:24,103
He believed in the
militarization of the economy.

368
00:18:24,186 --> 00:18:26,563
He believed in the
oppression of people

369
00:18:26,647 --> 00:18:28,607
like the Jewish
population in Germany.

370
00:18:28,690 --> 00:18:30,943
He believed in the
expansion, of taking control

371
00:18:31,026 --> 00:18:33,112
of other countries to
get more resources.

372
00:18:33,195 --> 00:18:36,573
He believed that he was the
only person who could accomplish

373
00:18:36,657 --> 00:18:39,284
the great 1,000 year Reich.

374
00:18:39,368 --> 00:18:41,036
Franklin Roosevelt believed
the exact opposite.

375
00:18:41,120 --> 00:18:44,623
He believed that the American
people had a right to freedom

376
00:18:44,665 --> 00:18:47,709
and democracy and that
the American economy had

377
00:18:47,835 --> 00:18:50,879
to be rebuilt to protect
democracy itself.

378
00:18:51,004 --> 00:18:53,924
The future of
democracy was at risk,

379
00:18:54,007 --> 00:18:57,136
and FDR was
determined to save it.

380
00:18:57,219 --> 00:19:00,931
Roosevelt was, by conviction,
an internationalist.

381
00:19:01,014 --> 00:19:03,142
He believed that what
happened in the world

382
00:19:03,225 --> 00:19:06,061
beyond American shores would
have an effect on what happened

383
00:19:06,186 --> 00:19:07,646
in the United States.

384
00:19:07,729 --> 00:19:08,814
But he couldn't bring the
American people yet along

385
00:19:08,897 --> 00:19:10,023
to care.

386
00:19:10,107 --> 00:19:11,650
They felt protected
by their oceans.

387
00:19:11,733 --> 00:19:14,069
They just wanted to focus on
the problems that were here.

388
00:19:14,153 --> 00:19:16,905
They'd been burned by World
War I, what had come out

389
00:19:17,030 --> 00:19:19,825
of that presumed war to save
democracy when things only

390
00:19:19,950 --> 00:19:22,035
seemed to have gotten worse.

391
00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:25,414
And he said, it's a scary thing
to see you're leading a parade

392
00:19:25,497 --> 00:19:28,917
and you look back and
nobody's following.

393
00:19:29,042 --> 00:19:31,420
In the late 1930s, at
the peak of isolationism,

394
00:19:31,545 --> 00:19:34,089
Congress passed several
neutrality acts that really

395
00:19:34,173 --> 00:19:37,259
bound the hands of any president
that they couldn't unilaterally

396
00:19:37,384 --> 00:19:40,095
do things that would tend to
pull the United States back

397
00:19:40,179 --> 00:19:42,222
into another world war.

398
00:19:42,306 --> 00:19:47,060
Europe has been hoping that
Hitler will just go away.

399
00:19:47,144 --> 00:19:50,439
The British and the
French allow Hitler

400
00:19:50,522 --> 00:19:55,861
to reoccupy the Rhineland, they
allow him to occupy Austria.

401
00:19:55,986 --> 00:19:59,531
So in 1938, as Hitler
is expanding the Reich

402
00:19:59,615 --> 00:20:02,117
and taking over
neighboring countries,

403
00:20:02,201 --> 00:20:04,536
the prime minister of
England, Neville Chamberlain,

404
00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:07,873
decides that the best
policy is to appease Hitler.

405
00:20:07,956 --> 00:20:10,125
If they can just sort of
give him these territories

406
00:20:10,250 --> 00:20:11,627
that he claims he
wants, he's promised

407
00:20:11,752 --> 00:20:14,838
that he won't take any more.

408
00:20:14,922 --> 00:20:18,342
We regard the agreement
signed last night as symbolic

409
00:20:18,425 --> 00:20:21,428
of the desire of our
two peoples never

410
00:20:21,511 --> 00:20:23,847
to go to war with
one another again.

411
00:20:23,931 --> 00:20:25,390
[cheering]

412
00:20:26,934 --> 00:20:29,186
Of course, Hitler has
made promises in the past.

413
00:20:29,269 --> 00:20:31,438
Winston Churchill
has been telling

414
00:20:31,521 --> 00:20:33,982
everyone who would listen,
and even those who wouldn't,

415
00:20:34,107 --> 00:20:36,777
about the threat he sees
in Germany for years.

416
00:20:47,120 --> 00:20:49,706
Winston Churchill had been
the first Lord of the Admiralty

417
00:20:49,790 --> 00:20:52,167
in World War I, but
had been forced out

418
00:20:52,292 --> 00:20:54,336
and had essentially
been in political exile

419
00:20:54,461 --> 00:20:55,754
for a number of years.

420
00:20:55,879 --> 00:20:57,756
Churchill's
regarded as eccentric.

421
00:20:57,839 --> 00:21:01,176
People see Churchill as being
this very bellicose, verbose

422
00:21:01,301 --> 00:21:04,763
guy who always
wants to go to war.

423
00:21:04,888 --> 00:21:08,350
And even though Roosevelt did
not especially like Churchill

424
00:21:08,475 --> 00:21:11,144
the first time he met
him during World War I,

425
00:21:11,228 --> 00:21:14,356
he recognizes that Churchill has
had great courage in speaking

426
00:21:14,481 --> 00:21:17,192
up for what he believed
was right for years.

427
00:21:17,317 --> 00:21:21,238
FDR hated these dictatorships
and what they were doing,

428
00:21:21,321 --> 00:21:24,199
but he was the president
of a country that was still

429
00:21:24,324 --> 00:21:25,575
in the Great Depression.

430
00:21:25,659 --> 00:21:28,704
This was nowhere near
his priority number one.

431
00:21:28,829 --> 00:21:33,875
But, by 1938, it was
clear that Hitler might

432
00:21:34,001 --> 00:21:35,252
want to dominate the world.

433
00:21:37,838 --> 00:21:40,382
And the most horrific
aspect of Hitler's regime

434
00:21:40,507 --> 00:21:43,427
is his persecution of the Jews.

435
00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:45,804
And Germany, the
loser in World War I,

436
00:21:45,887 --> 00:21:48,724
had been stuck with an
enormous reparations bill,

437
00:21:48,849 --> 00:21:51,476
and that was a perfect
opportunity for somebody

438
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:53,478
to come in and say,
who do you resent?

439
00:21:53,562 --> 00:21:55,564
Who's to blame for this?

440
00:21:55,689 --> 00:21:58,567
And Adolf Hitler said,
the Jews were to blame.

441
00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:04,990
In November 1938, Hitler
launches Kristallnacht,

442
00:22:05,115 --> 00:22:08,577
where his brown-shirted
thugs destroyed synagogues,

443
00:22:08,660 --> 00:22:11,288
businesses, incarcerate
hundreds of Jews,

444
00:22:11,371 --> 00:22:12,664
and send them off to ghettos.

445
00:22:16,043 --> 00:22:18,003
But nobody wants to
allow the Jewish refugees

446
00:22:18,086 --> 00:22:19,629
into their country.

447
00:22:19,713 --> 00:22:23,133
You cannot overstate how
antisemitic America was at this

448
00:22:23,216 --> 00:22:24,593
point.

449
00:22:24,718 --> 00:22:27,512
Despite FDR's direct
instructions to the State

450
00:22:27,596 --> 00:22:30,807
Department to expedite
Jewish visa requests

451
00:22:30,891 --> 00:22:33,518
in these countries
under German control,

452
00:22:33,602 --> 00:22:36,438
the State Department, filled
with antisemites, slow

453
00:22:36,563 --> 00:22:38,148
walks it.

454
00:22:38,231 --> 00:22:40,484
Without a question,
it's heartbreaking

455
00:22:40,567 --> 00:22:43,987
to imagine what might have
happened if FDR had earlier

456
00:22:44,071 --> 00:22:47,366
on been able to get more Jewish
refugees into the country

457
00:22:47,449 --> 00:22:48,992
before Hitler closed
the doors forever.

458
00:22:54,623 --> 00:22:57,042
The plight of refugees really
tugged at the heartstrings

459
00:22:57,125 --> 00:23:00,670
of Eleanor Roosevelt. She
was always the champion

460
00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:02,506
of the underdog, the
champion of those

461
00:23:02,589 --> 00:23:04,341
who were suffering the most.

462
00:23:04,424 --> 00:23:07,844
She could be the agitator,
always pushing him to do what

463
00:23:07,928 --> 00:23:09,721
he couldn't do
pragmatically because he

464
00:23:09,846 --> 00:23:11,973
had to be the politician.

465
00:23:12,099 --> 00:23:13,558
I don't think
Franklin would have

466
00:23:13,642 --> 00:23:15,811
been the kind of politician
he was without Eleanor.

467
00:23:15,936 --> 00:23:18,188
She would push the envelope.

468
00:23:18,271 --> 00:23:19,856
He always said
about her that she

469
00:23:19,940 --> 00:23:22,818
was a welcome thorn in his
side, always willing to argue

470
00:23:22,943 --> 00:23:25,487
with him, always willing to
question his assumptions.

471
00:23:25,612 --> 00:23:27,322
But men would write
in to Franklin,

472
00:23:27,447 --> 00:23:29,366
can't you muzzle
that wife of yours?

473
00:23:29,449 --> 00:23:30,659
Can't you put her on a chain?

474
00:23:30,784 --> 00:23:32,077
What's the matter with you?

475
00:23:32,202 --> 00:23:34,955
She is constantly
moving about the country,

476
00:23:35,038 --> 00:23:36,873
supporting various
causes, speaking

477
00:23:36,957 --> 00:23:39,876
to women's organizations,
reform organizations.

478
00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:41,920
She gives public
radio addresses.

479
00:23:42,003 --> 00:23:43,338
These are all firsts.

480
00:23:43,463 --> 00:23:45,006
No first lady has ever
done anything like this,

481
00:23:45,132 --> 00:23:47,717
and she takes
controversial positions.

482
00:23:47,843 --> 00:23:51,513
At this point, she's engaged
with the African-American

483
00:23:51,638 --> 00:23:55,267
community in ways that a lot of
people did not expect her to be

484
00:23:55,392 --> 00:23:57,018
or want her to be.

485
00:23:57,144 --> 00:24:00,730
FDR was glad to have
Eleanor in public talking

486
00:24:00,814 --> 00:24:02,190
about civil rights.

487
00:24:02,315 --> 00:24:04,359
It diverted attention
from the fact

488
00:24:04,484 --> 00:24:08,905
that FDR himself was never
willing to antagonize the White

489
00:24:08,989 --> 00:24:12,659
South to the point that he
would never support even a bill

490
00:24:12,742 --> 00:24:14,619
against lynching.

491
00:24:14,703 --> 00:24:17,664
He needs Southern
segregationist Democrats

492
00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:20,792
in his corner if he's going to
get the United States on a more

493
00:24:20,876 --> 00:24:22,919
prepared footing for
what appears to be

494
00:24:23,003 --> 00:24:24,546
an impending war in Europe.

495
00:24:27,966 --> 00:24:33,472
In 1938, Eleanor travels
to Birmingham for the opening

496
00:24:33,555 --> 00:24:37,017
of the Southern Conference
on Human Welfare,

497
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:39,603
and the public
safety official is

498
00:24:39,686 --> 00:24:43,773
none other than the violent
segregationist Eugene Bull

499
00:24:43,857 --> 00:24:45,734
Connor.

500
00:24:45,817 --> 00:24:47,652
Birmingham is
segregated, ma'am.

501
00:24:47,736 --> 00:24:49,654
You should take your
seat on that side.

502
00:25:05,879 --> 00:25:12,177
Mrs. Roosevelt, ma'am,
you can't sit here.

503
00:25:12,260 --> 00:25:16,181
I already am, Officer.

504
00:25:16,264 --> 00:25:19,851
Ma'am, the law says I've got
to arrest anybody who doesn't

505
00:25:19,935 --> 00:25:24,731
comply, even you?

506
00:25:24,814 --> 00:25:25,607
Really?

507
00:25:34,324 --> 00:25:35,158
Appreciate it.

508
00:26:20,495 --> 00:26:23,748
You've got to move
to the White section.

509
00:26:23,832 --> 00:26:27,252
I'm fine where I am.

510
00:26:27,335 --> 00:26:30,880
Because she is a lightning
rod and unapologetic about being

511
00:26:31,006 --> 00:26:33,967
a lightning rod,
it makes the work

512
00:26:34,050 --> 00:26:38,471
that FDR does particularly as
he is negotiating with Southern

513
00:26:38,555 --> 00:26:40,181
Democrats all the
more difficult.

514
00:26:40,265 --> 00:26:44,561
--welcoming the Southern
Conference for Human Welfare.

515
00:26:52,027 --> 00:26:55,697
In the summer of
1939, FDR would still

516
00:26:55,822 --> 00:26:57,407
like to stay out of war.

517
00:26:57,490 --> 00:27:03,288
But it's becoming clear that
appeasing Hitler doesn't work,

518
00:27:03,371 --> 00:27:08,376
that Hitler is insatiable, and
that the next step is going

519
00:27:08,501 --> 00:27:12,422
to be into Poland.

520
00:27:12,505 --> 00:27:15,300
And that's where Britain
and France draw the line

521
00:27:15,383 --> 00:27:17,052
and say, well, if
you invade Poland

522
00:27:17,135 --> 00:27:21,139
and try to take that territory
back, we'll declare war.

523
00:27:21,222 --> 00:27:24,392
Roosevelt is deeply concerned
about the rising tension

524
00:27:24,517 --> 00:27:27,062
in Europe and the
inevitability of a big war.

525
00:27:27,145 --> 00:27:28,521
[speaking german]

526
00:27:31,358 --> 00:27:32,776
So one of the
things he decides

527
00:27:32,859 --> 00:27:34,903
to do is to invite the
king and queen of England

528
00:27:35,028 --> 00:27:37,947
to come to the United States,
because if Hitler does,

529
00:27:38,073 --> 00:27:40,492
in fact, take over
Europe, then England will

530
00:27:40,575 --> 00:27:44,079
be the last bulwark of defense.

531
00:27:44,204 --> 00:27:45,705
At this point, the Americans
are not particularly

532
00:27:45,789 --> 00:27:47,624
fond of the royal family.

533
00:27:47,707 --> 00:27:50,293
There's a large body of
opinion in the United States

534
00:27:50,377 --> 00:27:53,171
that's anti-British, that
basically says the British

535
00:27:53,296 --> 00:27:55,840
sucked us into World War I.

536
00:27:55,965 --> 00:27:57,133
We had been duped.

537
00:27:57,217 --> 00:27:58,968
We had been lured
into a European war

538
00:27:59,052 --> 00:28:00,345
and now they're
back at it again.

539
00:28:03,723 --> 00:28:07,310
So in a stroke of absolute
brilliant political theater,

540
00:28:07,394 --> 00:28:10,522
FDR invites the king and
queen of England, the epitome

541
00:28:10,605 --> 00:28:13,733
of aristocratic
formality, to his home

542
00:28:13,858 --> 00:28:15,527
in Hyde Park, New York.

543
00:28:15,610 --> 00:28:19,155
Your Majesty, I wonder if you
might swap partners so you can

544
00:28:19,239 --> 00:28:20,657
meet a few of our neighbors.

545
00:28:20,740 --> 00:28:21,574
Of course.

546
00:28:24,661 --> 00:28:28,206
And he arranges
a hot dog picnic.

547
00:28:28,289 --> 00:28:29,499
My second.

548
00:28:29,582 --> 00:28:30,583
Excellent.

549
00:28:30,667 --> 00:28:32,836
And beer is perfect with it.

550
00:28:32,919 --> 00:28:36,214
He wants to show a more
human side of the royal family.

551
00:28:36,297 --> 00:28:39,050
He also, of course,
invites the press.

552
00:28:39,134 --> 00:28:43,555
Might I say something
dreadfully honest?

553
00:28:43,638 --> 00:28:46,141
Nothing would make me happier.

554
00:28:46,224 --> 00:28:49,894
I don't care for hot dogs.

555
00:28:54,107 --> 00:28:57,360
Your secret is safe with me.

556
00:28:57,444 --> 00:29:01,823
You know, Mr. President, I
have been tasked with telling

557
00:29:01,948 --> 00:29:05,910
you that we are going to need
a great deal of assistance

558
00:29:06,035 --> 00:29:11,750
if things go poorly, especially
these devilish u-boats

559
00:29:11,833 --> 00:29:13,793
threatening our ships.

560
00:29:13,877 --> 00:29:19,257
Don't think I don't want
to give you all we have, show

561
00:29:19,340 --> 00:29:23,303
Hitler we intend to back you,
but first I've got to tackle

562
00:29:23,428 --> 00:29:29,267
the Congress, make them see
we have to choose a side,

563
00:29:29,350 --> 00:29:32,061
your side.

564
00:29:32,145 --> 00:29:36,357
Mr. President, Your Majesty,
how do you like our hot dogs?

565
00:29:36,483 --> 00:29:38,151
They're delicious.

566
00:29:38,234 --> 00:29:39,027
I've had two.

567
00:29:42,822 --> 00:29:45,575
Roosevelt understood where
the cameras were going to be

568
00:29:45,658 --> 00:29:49,037
and they understood how this
would play in the press.

569
00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:50,872
So if the president
of the United States

570
00:29:50,997 --> 00:29:54,626
is smiling it up with the
monarch of the United Kingdom,

571
00:29:54,709 --> 00:29:56,711
that's going to play.

572
00:29:56,795 --> 00:30:01,591
Roosevelt managed to
weaponize for good his essential

573
00:30:01,674 --> 00:30:03,676
deviousness.

574
00:30:03,802 --> 00:30:08,723
He was very skilled at
suggesting that he was in tune

575
00:30:08,848 --> 00:30:14,437
with an isolationist nation
while nudging us ever closer

576
00:30:14,521 --> 00:30:17,524
to an interventionist stance.

577
00:30:17,649 --> 00:30:20,735
The polling shows that popular
support for the king and queen,

578
00:30:20,860 --> 00:30:22,862
the increased and
popular support

579
00:30:22,946 --> 00:30:26,199
for the anti fascist
forces also increased.

580
00:30:29,536 --> 00:30:34,415
In August of 1939, Stalin
agrees to a non-aggression pact

581
00:30:34,541 --> 00:30:36,417
with Hitler.

582
00:30:36,543 --> 00:30:38,962
They secretly agree to
split Poland in exchange

583
00:30:39,045 --> 00:30:41,089
for not invading each other.

584
00:30:41,214 --> 00:30:43,132
Russia will take
the eastern half

585
00:30:43,216 --> 00:30:45,260
and Germany will take
the western half.

586
00:30:45,385 --> 00:30:48,304
Everybody is stunned by
the Hitler-Stalin pact.

587
00:30:48,388 --> 00:30:51,975
Now we're faced with possibly
this sort of Soviet-German

588
00:30:52,058 --> 00:30:53,101
juggernaut.

589
00:30:53,226 --> 00:30:54,936
If not in alliance
with each other,

590
00:30:55,061 --> 00:30:56,563
at least they're going
to let each other run.

591
00:31:01,568 --> 00:31:04,195
The call came on
September 1st, 1939

592
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:06,698
when Hitler invaded Poland.

593
00:31:06,781 --> 00:31:09,534
On that occasion, FDR said,
well, it's come at last,

594
00:31:09,617 --> 00:31:12,203
God help us all.

595
00:31:12,287 --> 00:31:14,122
And two days later,
England and France

596
00:31:14,247 --> 00:31:16,165
will declare war on Germany.

597
00:31:22,255 --> 00:31:25,008
This is the start of the
worst, most cataclysmic

598
00:31:25,091 --> 00:31:27,176
military conflict
in human history.

599
00:31:30,763 --> 00:31:34,017
Germany has come up with a
new form of war, blitzkrieg,

600
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:35,101
this lightning war.

601
00:31:47,614 --> 00:31:50,491
And the blitzkrieg gave way to
what was called the Sitzkrieg.

602
00:31:50,617 --> 00:31:53,077
Germany is in
occupation of Poland,

603
00:31:53,161 --> 00:31:55,914
but nothing is happening, and
everybody is waiting to see

604
00:31:55,955 --> 00:31:57,916
what's going to happen next.

605
00:31:57,999 --> 00:32:00,793
The phoney war, which is what
they call the period of time

606
00:32:00,919 --> 00:32:03,588
between September 1st
and May 10th, 1940

607
00:32:03,671 --> 00:32:05,214
came to a sudden end.

608
00:32:09,177 --> 00:32:12,931
In one week's time, Germany
rolled through Western Europe.

609
00:32:13,056 --> 00:32:16,559
Holland, Luxembourg,
Belgium all surrendered.

610
00:32:16,643 --> 00:32:19,771
Hitler invades France
on May 10th, 1940,

611
00:32:19,854 --> 00:32:22,357
the same day that Churchill
is named prime minister.

612
00:32:27,570 --> 00:32:29,530
Even though the British
throw an expeditionary army

613
00:32:29,614 --> 00:32:32,075
onto the continent, soon
they are overwhelmed

614
00:32:32,158 --> 00:32:34,452
and the Germans will drive
them to the coastline.

615
00:32:36,996 --> 00:32:42,919
As the war in Europe is
turning increasingly dismal,

616
00:32:43,002 --> 00:32:44,963
FDR is confronted with a choice.

617
00:32:48,716 --> 00:32:51,469
Does he step down
as president or does

618
00:32:51,552 --> 00:32:54,013
he run for an
unprecedented third term?

619
00:33:05,441 --> 00:33:08,903
Bad, all bad.

620
00:33:09,028 --> 00:33:11,572
Calle fell last night.

621
00:33:11,698 --> 00:33:14,242
Is there no hope for France?

622
00:33:14,367 --> 00:33:15,994
If the British regroup--

623
00:33:16,119 --> 00:33:18,997
France will still fall.

624
00:33:19,122 --> 00:33:20,790
So what are you going to do?

625
00:33:20,873 --> 00:33:24,127
Everybody needs
to know, Franklin.

626
00:33:24,210 --> 00:33:26,462
Will you run again?

627
00:33:26,546 --> 00:33:29,132
Surely you know if
you're going to run.

628
00:33:29,215 --> 00:33:31,634
The situation in France
changes everything.

629
00:33:31,718 --> 00:33:34,345
There's no guarantee the
British can hang on alone.

630
00:33:34,470 --> 00:33:37,015
Why don't you
say what you mean?

631
00:33:37,098 --> 00:33:38,850
You want to run.

632
00:33:38,975 --> 00:33:40,601
Why does it have to be you?

633
00:33:40,727 --> 00:33:41,936
Babs, it's not as simple as--

634
00:33:42,020 --> 00:33:44,313
Let me at least
say what I mean.

635
00:33:44,397 --> 00:33:45,857
I don't want you to.

636
00:33:45,940 --> 00:33:47,316
Eight years is enough.

637
00:33:52,989 --> 00:33:55,450
I've taken the
country this far.

638
00:33:55,575 --> 00:34:01,289
If the people want me,
I'll not abandon them now.

639
00:34:12,425 --> 00:34:18,556
In May of 1940, the
Germans push across Europe

640
00:34:18,639 --> 00:34:21,225
and they drive the British
to the French coastline

641
00:34:21,350 --> 00:34:24,020
and then to just a few pockets,
one of which is Dunkirk.

642
00:34:27,273 --> 00:34:29,692
NEWSREADER: Here in these scenes
off the beaches of Dunkirk,

643
00:34:29,776 --> 00:34:32,820
you have one of the dramatic
pictures of the war.

644
00:34:32,904 --> 00:34:34,447
The British and French
armies of the north

645
00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:38,242
were facing annihilation.

646
00:34:38,367 --> 00:34:42,872
The English troops evacuated
successfully from Dunkirk.

647
00:34:42,955 --> 00:34:46,084
The German blitzkrieg
had swept across Europe,

648
00:34:46,167 --> 00:34:48,336
leaving England standing alone.

649
00:34:48,461 --> 00:34:51,756
So it was a totally
rational question

650
00:34:51,839 --> 00:34:56,094
to wonder whether democracy
could triumph over autocracy.

651
00:34:56,177 --> 00:34:58,054
And Churchill said,
never has a nation

652
00:34:58,137 --> 00:35:00,389
been so naked before its foe.

653
00:35:00,473 --> 00:35:05,394
CHURCHILL: I have nothing to
offer but blood, toil, tears,

654
00:35:05,478 --> 00:35:07,688
and sweat.

655
00:35:07,772 --> 00:35:10,691
FDR's heart is very much
with Churchill and very much

656
00:35:10,817 --> 00:35:14,445
with England, and he wants
to do something to help them.

657
00:35:14,529 --> 00:35:16,239
So he turns to
George Marshall,

658
00:35:16,322 --> 00:35:18,157
chief of the general staff.

659
00:35:18,241 --> 00:35:22,120
Marshall is seen as being
sincere, honest, credible,

660
00:35:22,203 --> 00:35:23,955
trustworthy.

661
00:35:24,038 --> 00:35:28,876
If Britain falls, we believe
Hitler could try for Greenland.

662
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:30,294
And we are next.

663
00:35:30,378 --> 00:35:32,463
Yes, sir, and we're not ready.

664
00:35:32,547 --> 00:35:35,550
Germany has 7 million
men in uniform.

665
00:35:35,675 --> 00:35:37,301
We have a fraction of that.

666
00:35:37,426 --> 00:35:38,886
And it's not just
about men, sir.

667
00:35:39,011 --> 00:35:42,306
It's planes and tanks and guns.

668
00:35:42,390 --> 00:35:46,394
We've got a long way
to go and no time.

669
00:35:46,519 --> 00:35:49,730
President Roosevelt
knew that in May of 1940,

670
00:35:49,814 --> 00:35:52,900
the US stood only 18th
in military power.

671
00:35:53,025 --> 00:35:56,237
It became 17th only when
Holland surrendered to Germany.

672
00:35:56,362 --> 00:35:58,614
We had 500 fighter
planes compared

673
00:35:58,698 --> 00:36:02,076
to 5,000 in the German army.

674
00:36:02,201 --> 00:36:03,911
We had more horses than tanks.

675
00:36:04,036 --> 00:36:06,455
We had let the military
establishment deteriorate

676
00:36:06,539 --> 00:36:10,960
after World War I with the
focus on the Depression.

677
00:36:11,043 --> 00:36:14,589
We have to start producing
more arms immediately.

678
00:36:14,672 --> 00:36:18,759
But the way I see it,
we need to send more

679
00:36:18,885 --> 00:36:20,678
of what we produce to Britain.

680
00:36:20,761 --> 00:36:22,138
No, sir.

681
00:36:22,221 --> 00:36:25,933
We'd be throwing our
guns away, and our boys

682
00:36:26,058 --> 00:36:30,146
will be fighting storm
troopers with broomsticks.

683
00:36:30,229 --> 00:36:32,440
It would be a disaster
of our making.

684
00:36:32,523 --> 00:36:34,275
You mean of my own making?

685
00:36:36,819 --> 00:36:38,696
I appreciate your
point, General,

686
00:36:38,821 --> 00:36:40,781
but we have to help Britain.

687
00:36:40,907 --> 00:36:43,201
We can't.

688
00:36:43,284 --> 00:36:44,994
The law is clear.

689
00:36:45,077 --> 00:36:49,498
We can sell them arms for
cash, and we can only give them

690
00:36:49,624 --> 00:36:56,047
military gear if it's surplus,
and we have no surplus to give.

691
00:36:56,130 --> 00:36:58,466
Well, that's it, General.

692
00:36:58,591 --> 00:36:59,425
That's it.

693
00:36:59,508 --> 00:37:01,135
Surplus.

694
00:37:01,219 --> 00:37:06,224
I want you to declare every gun
and bullet you can a surplus

695
00:37:06,307 --> 00:37:07,725
and get it over there.

696
00:37:07,808 --> 00:37:10,102
You mean to say it's surplus?

697
00:37:10,228 --> 00:37:11,646
Yes.

698
00:37:11,729 --> 00:37:13,356
I'd have to go to
church for a week

699
00:37:13,439 --> 00:37:16,442
if I declared our weapons
surplus when they're not.

700
00:37:16,567 --> 00:37:18,069
Go to church for a
month if you have to,

701
00:37:18,152 --> 00:37:22,114
General, but get it done.

702
00:37:22,198 --> 00:37:24,992
Franklin Roosevelt's
particular strength as a leader

703
00:37:25,117 --> 00:37:27,787
was his ability to
assess a situation

704
00:37:27,870 --> 00:37:31,707
and figure out what he could do,
what incremental steps he could

705
00:37:31,791 --> 00:37:33,918
make to move things forward.

706
00:37:34,001 --> 00:37:35,962
So what he did was to
designate a lot of weapons

707
00:37:36,087 --> 00:37:38,047
as surplus and get
them sent to England,

708
00:37:38,130 --> 00:37:40,091
but several of his
generals told him,

709
00:37:40,174 --> 00:37:43,886
if those weapons are found
after Germany captures England,

710
00:37:43,970 --> 00:37:45,972
which we think they will
in six months' time,

711
00:37:46,055 --> 00:37:49,392
you will be not only impeached,
you'll be hung by a lamppost.

712
00:37:49,475 --> 00:37:51,769
That's what he had
to fight against.

713
00:37:51,852 --> 00:37:54,563
He knew he had to get
America mobilized to produce

714
00:37:54,647 --> 00:37:56,607
the ships and the tanks and
the weapons and the planes

715
00:37:56,691 --> 00:37:57,775
that we needed.

716
00:37:57,858 --> 00:38:00,569
By 1940, he has
gotten the machinery

717
00:38:00,653 --> 00:38:03,781
rolling so that factories
are transforming from cars

718
00:38:03,864 --> 00:38:05,449
into planes and tanks.

719
00:38:05,533 --> 00:38:09,120
We had that vision that
something had to be done.

720
00:38:09,203 --> 00:38:13,541
By this time, Hitler
has crushed France.

721
00:38:13,624 --> 00:38:15,251
The Germans, the
Japanese, and the Italians

722
00:38:15,334 --> 00:38:20,631
signed the Tripartite
Pact in September 1940.

723
00:38:20,715 --> 00:38:23,050
So after knocking out France,
Hitler turns his attention

724
00:38:23,175 --> 00:38:23,926
to Britain.

725
00:38:31,559 --> 00:38:33,811
NEWSREADER: Everyone is anxious
to get home before darkness

726
00:38:33,894 --> 00:38:37,023
falls, before our
nightly visitors arrive.

727
00:38:37,106 --> 00:38:38,399
[siren blaring]

728
00:38:48,367 --> 00:38:51,787
The Germans launched this
air assault against Britain,

729
00:38:51,871 --> 00:38:55,624
the so-called Battle of Britain.

730
00:38:55,708 --> 00:38:58,544
It's continuous bombing
in the city of London

731
00:38:58,669 --> 00:39:01,255
to try to destroy
British morale.

732
00:39:01,380 --> 00:39:04,216
And Churchill, of course,
emerges as this great leader

733
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:07,470
with some of the greatest
wartime speeches ever given.

734
00:39:07,553 --> 00:39:09,764
CHURCHILL: We shall
fight on the beaches.

735
00:39:09,889 --> 00:39:12,516
We shall fight on
the landing grounds.

736
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:16,645
We shall fight in the
fields and in the streets.

737
00:39:16,729 --> 00:39:18,189
We shall never surrender.

738
00:39:20,775 --> 00:39:24,403
And FDR sees in Churchill
a kindred spirit, knowing

739
00:39:24,487 --> 00:39:25,988
that I can work with him.

740
00:39:26,072 --> 00:39:29,492
Together we can be a partnership
that will defeat Hitler.

741
00:39:35,373 --> 00:39:37,041
It's hard to
imagine whether FDR

742
00:39:37,166 --> 00:39:40,169
would have run for a third
term had war not broken out

743
00:39:40,252 --> 00:39:41,504
in Europe.

744
00:39:41,587 --> 00:39:43,422
There's real concern
about whether or not

745
00:39:43,506 --> 00:39:46,217
he wants to look like the
authoritarian figure they're

746
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:47,343
fighting against.

747
00:39:47,426 --> 00:39:51,222
The framers did not want a king.

748
00:39:51,305 --> 00:39:54,350
Washington himself was concerned
about serving more than two

749
00:39:54,433 --> 00:39:57,269
terms, and now we're
talking about three terms.

750
00:39:57,353 --> 00:39:59,230
He had seen what
happened to Teddy Roosevelt

751
00:39:59,313 --> 00:40:01,524
when he went for
that third term,

752
00:40:01,649 --> 00:40:03,901
that there was a
wall against that.

753
00:40:04,026 --> 00:40:06,821
But I think he thought that
he was the only one who

754
00:40:06,946 --> 00:40:09,573
had the experience of
knowing how to mobilize

755
00:40:09,657 --> 00:40:12,159
the American people at home
through the Depression to get

756
00:40:12,243 --> 00:40:14,412
the weapons and the tanks
and the ships and the planes

757
00:40:14,453 --> 00:40:17,832
ready to prepare us for war and
to help England in the struggle

758
00:40:17,957 --> 00:40:20,835
against Nazi Germany.

759
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,421
The news of FDR's decision
to run for a third term

760
00:40:23,504 --> 00:40:24,922
is not well received.

761
00:40:25,047 --> 00:40:28,342
Even many Democrats
turned against him,

762
00:40:28,467 --> 00:40:30,261
and the Republicans
were undermining

763
00:40:30,344 --> 00:40:32,847
the people's confidence in FDR.

764
00:40:32,972 --> 00:40:36,350
The president has courted a
war for which this country is

765
00:40:36,434 --> 00:40:41,939
hopelessly unprepared and which
it emphatically does not want.

766
00:40:42,022 --> 00:40:44,692
At the time of
the 1940 election,

767
00:40:44,817 --> 00:40:49,238
almost every American household
was divided about FDR.

768
00:40:49,321 --> 00:40:52,825
Was he someone who
would keep us out of war

769
00:40:52,908 --> 00:40:55,786
or was this someone
who, as one critic said,

770
00:40:55,870 --> 00:40:59,582
will plow under every
fourth American boy

771
00:40:59,665 --> 00:41:01,917
after election day?

772
00:41:02,001 --> 00:41:03,919
Charles Lindbergh
the great aviator that

773
00:41:04,003 --> 00:41:07,673
flew across the Atlantic Ocean
becomes the face of what's

774
00:41:07,756 --> 00:41:09,633
called the America
First movement.

775
00:41:09,717 --> 00:41:12,720
The doctrine that we must
enter the wars of Europe

776
00:41:12,845 --> 00:41:16,432
in order to defend America
will be fatal to our nation.

777
00:41:16,515 --> 00:41:17,766
Some of them are
German Americans who

778
00:41:17,850 --> 00:41:19,810
are part of the American Bund.

779
00:41:19,894 --> 00:41:22,521
Many of them are Americans who
have latched on to this idea

780
00:41:22,605 --> 00:41:26,150
that fascism is the
wave of the future.

781
00:41:26,233 --> 00:41:29,487
In the late 1930s, there was
a pro-Hitler rally right there

782
00:41:29,612 --> 00:41:32,448
in the heart of New York City
at Madison Square Garden.

783
00:41:32,531 --> 00:41:34,158
That's how perilous things were.

784
00:41:37,912 --> 00:41:40,998
There's a real sense
that FDR could lose,

785
00:41:41,123 --> 00:41:44,335
and it affects him deeply
because he feels, I think,

786
00:41:44,418 --> 00:41:46,587
a deep responsibility.

787
00:41:46,712 --> 00:41:49,465
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
decides, I will break precedent

788
00:41:49,548 --> 00:41:51,800
because it is necessary.

789
00:41:51,884 --> 00:41:54,970
This is about the fate of
humanity, Western civilization,

790
00:41:55,054 --> 00:41:57,181
and democracy in particular.

791
00:42:00,059 --> 00:42:02,311
The Japanese are sweeping
through the Pacific,

792
00:42:02,394 --> 00:42:05,439
Europe is in chaos, England
is on the verge of collapse.

793
00:42:08,776 --> 00:42:13,906
It's a real dangerous moment,
and FDR fears that he's not

794
00:42:13,989 --> 00:42:15,074
going to win the election.

795
00:42:19,745 --> 00:42:21,413
He had real doubts that night.

796
00:42:26,961 --> 00:42:28,879
You really don't
need to worry, FD.

797
00:42:28,963 --> 00:42:29,797
You're going to win.

798
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:36,470
What if I don't?

799
00:42:36,595 --> 00:42:37,221
[cheering]

800
00:42:37,304 --> 00:42:38,180
That's it.

801
00:42:38,305 --> 00:42:41,517
He's done it.

802
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:44,812
Four years.

803
00:42:44,937 --> 00:42:46,272
Sounds like you've
gotten your wish.

804
00:42:49,608 --> 00:42:50,401
I have.

805
00:42:56,991 --> 00:42:57,950
God help me.

806
00:43:06,667 --> 00:43:08,377
After Roosevelt
is successfully

807
00:43:08,460 --> 00:43:11,297
reelected for a third
term, he decides

808
00:43:11,380 --> 00:43:15,134
he's going to take a
vacation aboard a Naval ship,

809
00:43:15,217 --> 00:43:17,011
and so he goes out
in the Caribbean

810
00:43:17,136 --> 00:43:19,179
and he sits on the deck
and he goes fishing

811
00:43:19,305 --> 00:43:22,516
and he looks out at the
water and he just thinks.

812
00:43:22,641 --> 00:43:24,852
By then England desperately
needed our weapons

813
00:43:24,977 --> 00:43:26,895
to fight back against Germany.

814
00:43:26,979 --> 00:43:30,608
And it looks as though
Hitler might very well win,

815
00:43:30,649 --> 00:43:32,901
and if the Germans take
control of Britain,

816
00:43:32,985 --> 00:43:36,780
then Germany will reign
supreme basically from Poland

817
00:43:36,864 --> 00:43:38,407
to the Atlantic Ocean.

818
00:43:43,829 --> 00:43:46,540
Thank you.

819
00:43:46,624 --> 00:43:48,584
From Churchill.

820
00:43:48,667 --> 00:43:51,086
"We can't hold out much longer."

821
00:43:51,170 --> 00:43:52,963
They're broke.

822
00:43:53,088 --> 00:43:55,924
Winston always exaggerates.

823
00:43:56,008 --> 00:44:01,263
Yes, but this feels different.

824
00:44:01,347 --> 00:44:04,099
That damn neutrality
law has us in a box.

825
00:44:07,519 --> 00:44:08,771
Dammit.

826
00:44:08,854 --> 00:44:09,647
Lend me yours, Hank.

827
00:44:19,907 --> 00:44:24,078
A moment ago, I
was out of fluid,

828
00:44:24,203 --> 00:44:27,498
so you let me use your lighter.

829
00:44:27,581 --> 00:44:30,000
I needed it.

830
00:44:30,042 --> 00:44:32,586
You let me use it.

831
00:44:32,670 --> 00:44:39,301
So we give Churchill tanks and
planes instead of selling them.

832
00:44:39,385 --> 00:44:44,515
Last time I checked, that
would be illegal too.

833
00:44:44,598 --> 00:44:50,771
No, we don't give
them tanks and planes.

834
00:44:50,854 --> 00:44:52,106
We lend them.

835
00:44:54,983 --> 00:44:59,363
FDR was canny and cunning, and
he knew how to get things done

836
00:44:59,446 --> 00:45:03,992
through sleight of hand, and
this worked for him perfectly

837
00:45:04,076 --> 00:45:07,913
on what we came to
call lend-lease.

838
00:45:07,996 --> 00:45:09,790
Because the Allies
can't pay for anything,

839
00:45:09,873 --> 00:45:12,167
we can lend them
military hardware,

840
00:45:12,251 --> 00:45:16,171
we can lend them supplies,
and at some unspecified point

841
00:45:16,255 --> 00:45:19,299
in the future, they
can pay for them.

842
00:45:19,425 --> 00:45:21,593
And he has a wonderful
metaphor for it.

843
00:45:21,677 --> 00:45:24,888
He says, if your neighbor's
house catches on fire,

844
00:45:24,972 --> 00:45:28,142
you're going to loan him your
garden hose to put it out,

845
00:45:28,267 --> 00:45:30,811
and you're not going
to charge for it.

846
00:45:30,936 --> 00:45:32,479
When they started
the lend-lease debate

847
00:45:32,604 --> 00:45:35,023
in the Congress, it wasn't
clear it could get through,

848
00:45:35,107 --> 00:45:37,901
but Roosevelt was always
moving step by step to get

849
00:45:37,985 --> 00:45:40,863
the American public educated
as to where they had to go.

850
00:45:40,946 --> 00:45:45,534
First, in late December,
he gives a fireside chat.

851
00:45:45,617 --> 00:45:51,081
We must have more ships,
more guns, more planes,

852
00:45:51,165 --> 00:45:53,292
more of everything.

853
00:45:53,375 --> 00:45:59,047
We must be the great
arsenal of democracy.

854
00:45:59,131 --> 00:46:01,717
He said, if we produce these
ships and tanks and weapons

855
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:03,427
and planes and got
them to England

856
00:46:03,510 --> 00:46:06,096
and England was able to fight
back against Germany, maybe

857
00:46:06,180 --> 00:46:08,724
that would prevent us
from getting into the war.

858
00:46:08,849 --> 00:46:12,519
And then on
January 6 1941, FDR

859
00:46:12,644 --> 00:46:14,480
is delivering a
State of the Union,

860
00:46:14,563 --> 00:46:18,734
and he centers his speech around
values, these four principles,

861
00:46:18,817 --> 00:46:20,652
these four freedoms.

862
00:46:20,778 --> 00:46:25,574
And he says, everyone is
entitled to freedom of speech,

863
00:46:25,657 --> 00:46:31,747
freedom of worship, freedom from
want, and freedom from fear.

864
00:46:31,830 --> 00:46:33,624
Where do you stand?

865
00:46:33,707 --> 00:46:35,000
Who are we going to be?

866
00:46:35,125 --> 00:46:38,712
And when you put it
that way, then of course

867
00:46:38,837 --> 00:46:41,465
you're going to bring
the country with you.

868
00:46:41,548 --> 00:46:42,466
And it worked.

869
00:46:42,591 --> 00:46:44,968
Congress said yes.

870
00:46:45,052 --> 00:46:48,555
And so this allows for
billions of dollars of greatly

871
00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:50,390
needed supplies not only
to go to Great Britain

872
00:46:50,516 --> 00:46:52,142
but go to many
other Allied powers

873
00:46:52,226 --> 00:46:55,103
to be able to withstand the
onslaught from the Axis powers.

874
00:46:58,023 --> 00:47:01,777
Because of FDR's leadership,
lend-lease was able to really

875
00:47:01,860 --> 00:47:03,987
have an enormous
impact in that war.

876
00:47:07,950 --> 00:47:10,911
June of 1941, Hitler
orders German troops

877
00:47:11,036 --> 00:47:12,704
to attack the Soviet Union.

878
00:47:12,830 --> 00:47:16,416
NEWSREADER: More than 2 million
men plunged into a front 2,000

879
00:47:16,542 --> 00:47:17,793
miles long.

880
00:47:17,876 --> 00:47:19,753
Before all this
began, the United States

881
00:47:19,878 --> 00:47:22,464
was suspicious of the
communists of the Soviet Union,

882
00:47:22,589 --> 00:47:24,842
but now the Soviet Union is
fighting against Germany,

883
00:47:24,925 --> 00:47:27,511
and that changes things.

884
00:47:27,594 --> 00:47:30,180
Churchill famously says,
if Hitler invaded hell,

885
00:47:30,264 --> 00:47:31,890
I'd support the devil.

886
00:47:32,015 --> 00:47:35,894
But how can we give arms or aid
to Soviet Russia, where Joseph

887
00:47:35,978 --> 00:47:40,023
Stalin purges, kills,
exiles hundreds of thousands

888
00:47:40,107 --> 00:47:42,109
so he'd reign supreme?

889
00:47:42,234 --> 00:47:44,361
FDR doesn't know
much about Stalin.

890
00:47:44,444 --> 00:47:46,864
Stalin's crimes are
not well publicized.

891
00:47:46,947 --> 00:47:51,159
And so FDR sends Harry Hopkins,
his great friend and envoy

892
00:47:51,243 --> 00:47:54,288
and all purpose aide to meet
Stalin and take the measure

893
00:47:54,413 --> 00:47:58,500
of him, and Hopkins comes
back and reports to FDR

894
00:47:58,584 --> 00:48:00,711
that Stalin is somebody
you can do business with.

895
00:48:00,794 --> 00:48:03,130
He's not presenting him
as the great terrorist,

896
00:48:03,213 --> 00:48:04,673
the great killer.

897
00:48:04,756 --> 00:48:07,634
And so FDR is going to
argue immediately to extend

898
00:48:07,718 --> 00:48:09,553
lend-lease aid to
the Soviet Union.

899
00:48:13,807 --> 00:48:16,018
As German armies
advanced east,

900
00:48:16,101 --> 00:48:19,021
they committed unspeakable
genocidal war crimes

901
00:48:19,104 --> 00:48:22,316
against Jews as they found them
in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine,

902
00:48:22,441 --> 00:48:24,651
parts of the Soviet Union,
and most of these killings

903
00:48:24,776 --> 00:48:28,697
were done by special units
of SS Gestapo personnel, who

904
00:48:28,822 --> 00:48:31,825
were killing Jews with bullets,
killing them any way that they

905
00:48:31,909 --> 00:48:32,701
could.

906
00:48:35,621 --> 00:48:37,497
At a meeting outside
of Berlin, which

907
00:48:37,581 --> 00:48:40,459
takes all of about 90
minutes including breakfast,

908
00:48:40,542 --> 00:48:42,377
the Germans decide
that the final solution

909
00:48:42,461 --> 00:48:45,130
to the Jewish question will
be the mass murders of Jews.

910
00:48:54,056 --> 00:48:57,017
From the summer of
1941, FDR and Churchill

911
00:48:57,142 --> 00:49:00,270
decide it's time for them
to meet face to face,

912
00:49:00,354 --> 00:49:01,980
so he announces at
a press conference

913
00:49:02,064 --> 00:49:04,816
that he's going to be cruising
up the Atlantic seaboard

914
00:49:04,900 --> 00:49:07,402
in the presidential yacht.

915
00:49:07,486 --> 00:49:09,446
Sure enough, he waves to
the people on the shoreline,

916
00:49:09,571 --> 00:49:12,449
and that night he's
transferred to the USS Augusta

917
00:49:12,532 --> 00:49:15,202
and heads up for a secret
rendezvous with Winston

918
00:49:15,327 --> 00:49:18,830
Churchill in Placentia
Bay, Newfoundland.

919
00:49:18,914 --> 00:49:22,125
Churchill, meanwhile, crosses
the German submarine-infested

920
00:49:22,209 --> 00:49:26,296
North Atlantic to meet with
Roosevelt. The Augusta is

921
00:49:26,380 --> 00:49:29,216
at anchor, and
literally out of the fog

922
00:49:29,299 --> 00:49:32,552
emerges this great British
battleship, the HMS Prince

923
00:49:32,678 --> 00:49:33,428
of Wales.

924
00:49:37,849 --> 00:49:40,978
It was an incredible moment
that these two leaders were

925
00:49:41,103 --> 00:49:43,313
in this place at that time .

926
00:49:46,692 --> 00:49:50,070
Glad to have you
aboard, Mr. Churchill.

927
00:49:50,195 --> 00:49:53,156
At long last, Mr. President.

928
00:49:53,281 --> 00:49:54,741
DORIS KEARNS GOODWIN:
The fate of the world

929
00:49:54,825 --> 00:49:57,119
did depend on this relationship
between the two men.

930
00:50:09,047 --> 00:50:12,843
We're ready to carry
on the load if we must.

931
00:50:12,968 --> 00:50:17,431
I'm committed to sending
everything you need.

932
00:50:17,556 --> 00:50:23,562
In my view, you're
fighting for all of us now.

933
00:50:23,645 --> 00:50:28,316
Of course, I'd rather have a
declaration of war from America

934
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:33,989
now and no supplies for six
months than double the supply

935
00:50:34,072 --> 00:50:37,325
and no declaration.

936
00:50:37,409 --> 00:50:42,831
You know, Winston, that
Congress declares war, not me,

937
00:50:42,914 --> 00:50:45,542
and I'm on thin ice with them.

938
00:50:45,625 --> 00:50:48,170
There's nothing I'd like
better than to kick Hitler

939
00:50:48,253 --> 00:50:56,636
in the teeth, you know that,
but timing is everything.

940
00:50:56,720 --> 00:50:59,139
Yes.

941
00:50:59,264 --> 00:51:01,558
I know.

942
00:51:01,683 --> 00:51:04,352
Churchill was the suitor.

943
00:51:04,436 --> 00:51:06,563
FDR was the pursued.

944
00:51:06,688 --> 00:51:08,690
Winston Churchill once
said, "No lover ever

945
00:51:08,774 --> 00:51:10,233
studied the whims
of his mistress

946
00:51:10,317 --> 00:51:13,153
as I did those of
Franklin Roosevelt."

947
00:51:13,278 --> 00:51:15,405
Churchill was not
an elusive figure.

948
00:51:15,530 --> 00:51:19,034
You knew what he was thinking,
sometimes to a fault.

949
00:51:19,117 --> 00:51:24,498
FDR was ironic, flexible,
slippery in a way,

950
00:51:24,623 --> 00:51:28,168
but they needed each other.

951
00:51:28,251 --> 00:51:30,629
What about Japan?

952
00:51:30,712 --> 00:51:35,425
Suppose they could attack
one of our colonies in Asia?

953
00:51:35,509 --> 00:51:37,677
Or one of yours/

954
00:51:37,803 --> 00:51:39,596
America doesn't have colonies.

955
00:51:42,307 --> 00:51:44,893
The Philippines, Guam.

956
00:51:44,976 --> 00:51:46,770
Call them what you like.

957
00:51:46,853 --> 00:51:49,022
Territory under your control.

958
00:51:49,147 --> 00:51:53,193
And FDR was incredibly
frustrating to Churchill.

959
00:51:53,318 --> 00:51:55,362
Churchill is fighting
for his life,

960
00:51:55,445 --> 00:51:59,741
for the life of
constitutional democracy,

961
00:51:59,825 --> 00:52:05,038
and FDR is incredibly elusive.

962
00:52:05,163 --> 00:52:08,166
If Japan does
something like that,

963
00:52:08,250 --> 00:52:10,460
I'll have to respond,
of course, but it's

964
00:52:10,544 --> 00:52:14,422
my opinion that would be the
wrong war at the wrong time

965
00:52:14,506 --> 00:52:15,340
and the wrong place.

966
00:52:18,260 --> 00:52:20,053
I agree.

967
00:52:20,178 --> 00:52:23,306
Europe comes first.

968
00:52:23,390 --> 00:52:26,434
Churchill's dream since he
was a little boy and his ideas

969
00:52:26,518 --> 00:52:29,604
of heroism are often about
saving something from collapse,

970
00:52:29,688 --> 00:52:32,649
about saving the world as
he knows it from disaster.

971
00:52:32,774 --> 00:52:35,777
Meanwhile, Roosevelt
is not an imperialist.

972
00:52:35,861 --> 00:52:38,905
He is someone who is extremely
idealistic politically,

973
00:52:39,030 --> 00:52:42,909
and rather than wanting to save
something historic in the past,

974
00:52:43,034 --> 00:52:44,494
he really is looking
to the future

975
00:52:44,578 --> 00:52:46,037
and he wants to
build something new.

976
00:52:48,999 --> 00:52:51,585
Then the next morning,
Roosevelt gets himself over

977
00:52:51,710 --> 00:52:53,378
to the Prince of Wales ship.

978
00:52:53,503 --> 00:52:56,673
The sailors are all there, the
British and American sailors.

979
00:52:56,756 --> 00:52:58,675
It's an incredible moment.

980
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:01,178
[singing]

981
00:53:07,934 --> 00:53:11,605
And they sing hymns
together, and somehow that

982
00:53:11,730 --> 00:53:14,691
got to Roosevelt.
The same language,

983
00:53:14,774 --> 00:53:18,612
the same values, the same hymns.

984
00:53:18,695 --> 00:53:22,449
Afterward, he turns
to his son and said,

985
00:53:22,574 --> 00:53:25,285
if nothing else had
happened while we were here,

986
00:53:25,410 --> 00:53:28,747
that would have cemented us.

987
00:53:28,830 --> 00:53:32,167
The two of them become
more than partners,

988
00:53:32,250 --> 00:53:33,543
more than allies.

989
00:53:33,627 --> 00:53:36,755
They become friends
in a very deep way.

990
00:53:36,838 --> 00:53:39,007
They share this passion
for Naval history.

991
00:53:39,090 --> 00:53:43,220
They share this ability to
understand the global picture.

992
00:53:43,303 --> 00:53:45,222
FDR said to
Churchill, it's fun

993
00:53:45,305 --> 00:53:47,766
to be in the same
decade with you.

994
00:53:47,849 --> 00:53:49,601
Churchill said
about FDR, meeting

995
00:53:49,684 --> 00:53:52,145
him was like opening your
first bottle of champagne,

996
00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:54,731
in Churchill's case of the day.

997
00:53:54,814 --> 00:53:57,484
They disagree fundamentally
on colonialism and the fate

998
00:53:57,567 --> 00:54:00,570
of the British Empire, but they
draft the Atlantic Charter,

999
00:54:00,654 --> 00:54:03,031
which is this extraordinary
statement that says,

1000
00:54:03,156 --> 00:54:08,536
here are the values that we
believe are worth fighting for.

1001
00:54:08,620 --> 00:54:12,332
I think it was the most
important diplomatic friendship

1002
00:54:12,457 --> 00:54:14,376
in the history of the world.

1003
00:54:14,459 --> 00:54:17,504
Roosevelt and
Churchill were unique.

1004
00:54:17,629 --> 00:54:20,590
Their challenges were unique,
and they rose to the occasion

1005
00:54:20,715 --> 00:54:21,508
together.

1006
00:54:26,680 --> 00:54:29,140
Summer of 1941 is a
difficult time for FDR

1007
00:54:29,224 --> 00:54:33,019
because Miss LeHand,
his closest assistant,

1008
00:54:33,144 --> 00:54:35,814
suffers a terrible stroke and
has to leave the White House

1009
00:54:35,939 --> 00:54:37,607
and go into recuperation.

1010
00:54:37,691 --> 00:54:41,611
She'd been with him since he
ran for vice president in 1920.

1011
00:54:41,695 --> 00:54:46,366
Then in September, his
beloved mother Sara dies,

1012
00:54:46,491 --> 00:54:49,786
and this is an
enormous blow to FDR.

1013
00:54:49,869 --> 00:54:54,457
Sara had been the rock for
him for his entire life.

1014
00:54:54,499 --> 00:54:57,294
And he was with
her when she died.

1015
00:54:57,377 --> 00:55:00,422
And the extraordinary thing
is that five minutes later,

1016
00:55:00,505 --> 00:55:04,009
a giant oak at the Hyde Park
estate collapsed on the ground.

1017
00:55:04,092 --> 00:55:04,801
Nobody knew why.

1018
00:55:04,843 --> 00:55:06,386
There was no wind.

1019
00:55:06,469 --> 00:55:21,318
And the thought was that
giant oak was Sara Roosevelt.

1020
00:55:21,401 --> 00:55:22,319
And the thought was that
giant oak was Sara Roosevelt.

1021
00:55:22,444 --> 00:55:25,322
We found it in
your mother's room.

1022
00:55:25,405 --> 00:55:28,616
Thought you'd want to see.

1023
00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:30,076
She kept everything.

1024
00:55:35,957 --> 00:55:37,417
There's this
extraordinary moment

1025
00:55:37,542 --> 00:55:39,502
when he's going through
all the mementos

1026
00:55:39,586 --> 00:55:45,633
that she had kept for
him over the years,

1027
00:55:45,717 --> 00:55:48,219
remembering, I'm sure, all
those days that she had been

1028
00:55:48,303 --> 00:55:49,387
the center of his life.

1029
00:56:31,471 --> 00:56:35,016
I think she was the source of
the confidence that he had,

1030
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:37,060
and now she was gone.

1031
00:56:37,143 --> 00:56:38,895
He needed companionship.

1032
00:56:42,440 --> 00:56:45,318
Here's somebody who can't
go out into the world

1033
00:56:45,443 --> 00:56:48,905
and he can't relax by playing
golf or playing tennis.

1034
00:56:49,030 --> 00:56:51,199
He has to bring
that world to him.

1035
00:56:51,282 --> 00:56:56,246
FDR loved and needed
female adoration

1036
00:56:56,329 --> 00:56:58,498
throughout his adult life.

1037
00:56:58,623 --> 00:57:01,668
He was very dependent and
very in need of people

1038
00:57:01,793 --> 00:57:05,713
like Missy LeHand,
who idolized him.

1039
00:57:05,797 --> 00:57:08,883
So eventually this is when
Lucy Mercer starts coming back

1040
00:57:08,967 --> 00:57:10,718
to the White House.

1041
00:57:10,802 --> 00:57:13,888
FDR broke his
promise to Eleanor.

1042
00:57:13,972 --> 00:57:16,724
He continued to see Lucy.

1043
00:57:16,808 --> 00:57:19,686
She came to the White
House under a pseudonym

1044
00:57:19,811 --> 00:57:22,522
when Eleanor was not there.

1045
00:57:22,647 --> 00:57:28,945
Not often, but to see her in
the company of other people

1046
00:57:29,028 --> 00:57:32,615
as the pressures
on him escalated.

1047
00:57:38,037 --> 00:57:39,539
People often focus
on what was going on

1048
00:57:39,622 --> 00:57:42,167
in Europe, the rise of
Mussolini, the rise of Hitler.

1049
00:57:42,250 --> 00:57:43,668
But while all this
was happening,

1050
00:57:43,751 --> 00:57:45,420
there was a war playing
out in the Pacific.

1051
00:57:45,503 --> 00:57:49,799
Japan had gone into Chinese
Manchuria in 1931, turned it

1052
00:57:49,883 --> 00:57:51,134
into a puppet state.

1053
00:57:51,217 --> 00:57:55,013
They'd invaded China
proper in 1937.

1054
00:57:55,096 --> 00:57:57,348
And then in 1940, they
started pressing down

1055
00:57:57,432 --> 00:58:00,310
into French Indo-China.

1056
00:58:00,393 --> 00:58:02,645
The United States definitely
does not want to provoke Japan

1057
00:58:02,729 --> 00:58:06,024
militarily, but they also want
to be able to sanction Japan

1058
00:58:06,107 --> 00:58:09,027
for its behavior.

1059
00:58:09,110 --> 00:58:12,989
And so by 1941, they
freeze Japanese assets

1060
00:58:13,072 --> 00:58:14,324
in the United States.

1061
00:58:14,407 --> 00:58:16,618
They also embargo
supplies of gasoline.

1062
00:58:16,701 --> 00:58:18,328
These are pretty
serious sanctions,

1063
00:58:18,411 --> 00:58:19,996
especially for an
island nation like Japan

1064
00:58:20,079 --> 00:58:21,664
that depends on
almost all of its fuel

1065
00:58:21,706 --> 00:58:24,751
coming in from the outside.

1066
00:58:24,834 --> 00:58:28,087
The tensions between Japan
and America are very high,

1067
00:58:28,213 --> 00:58:30,757
and FDR is desperate to
prevent this war from happening

1068
00:58:30,882 --> 00:58:34,302
because he feels Hitler
is the greater threat.

1069
00:58:34,385 --> 00:58:39,474
Gentlemen, what
have you got for me?

1070
00:58:39,557 --> 00:58:42,018
Mr. President, we
have intelligence

1071
00:58:42,101 --> 00:58:44,979
which suggests the Japanese
fleet is on the move.

1072
00:58:45,063 --> 00:58:46,356
What's the target?

1073
00:58:46,481 --> 00:58:49,192
It could be Thailand,
Malaysia, Singapore.

1074
00:58:49,275 --> 00:58:51,444
Will they hit
any of our bases?

1075
00:58:51,528 --> 00:58:53,863
If they go for
us, it'd probably

1076
00:58:53,947 --> 00:58:56,449
be our base in the Philippines.

1077
00:58:56,574 --> 00:58:58,868
Let's make one more offer.

1078
00:58:58,952 --> 00:59:01,204
If they stop the
aggression in Indo-China

1079
00:59:01,329 --> 00:59:05,375
and withdraw their
troops on the mainland,

1080
00:59:05,458 --> 00:59:08,294
we'll end the embargo.

1081
00:59:08,419 --> 00:59:12,465
I want it clear that we made
every effort to stop this.

1082
00:59:40,952 --> 00:59:41,828
All clear.

1083
00:59:45,498 --> 00:59:46,916
Keep watching.

1084
00:59:47,000 --> 00:59:47,792
I'll get coffee.

1085
00:59:59,137 --> 01:00:00,013
It's a beautiful day.

1086
01:00:00,138 --> 01:00:01,180
It's an early morning.

1087
01:00:01,264 --> 01:00:02,056
It's a Sunday.

1088
01:00:04,851 --> 01:00:09,606
Most people, either military
or civilian, are still in bed.

1089
01:00:09,731 --> 01:00:12,900
And it seems like another placid
day in Hawaii in the Pacific.

1090
01:00:16,821 --> 01:00:20,241
The United States does have
many indications that something

1091
01:00:20,325 --> 01:00:21,409
is going to happen.

1092
01:00:21,492 --> 01:00:23,536
They've broken the
Japanese codes.

1093
01:00:23,620 --> 01:00:26,372
They know that the Japanese
ambassadors are going

1094
01:00:26,456 --> 01:00:30,460
to come to Washington at a very
specific time on December 7th

1095
01:00:30,543 --> 01:00:35,089
to present their rejection
of FDR's final proposal.

1096
01:00:35,173 --> 01:00:37,008
And therefore we should be
on alert, because something's

1097
01:00:37,091 --> 01:00:39,427
going to happen.

1098
01:00:39,510 --> 01:00:41,804
But the Japanese start planning
the attack on Pearl Harbor

1099
01:00:41,888 --> 01:00:45,099
long before the
breakdown in relations.

1100
01:00:45,183 --> 01:00:46,601
They're going to
keep radio silence.

1101
01:00:46,684 --> 01:00:50,146
Six aircraft carriers,
33 ships, 414 aircraft.

1102
01:00:50,229 --> 01:00:53,441
They're going to cover 3,500
miles worth of northern Pacific

1103
01:00:53,524 --> 01:00:56,611
Ocean and arrive about 200 miles
off the northern part of Hawaii

1104
01:00:56,694 --> 01:00:58,071
on the morning of December 7th.

1105
01:01:01,074 --> 01:01:02,408
6 o'clock in the
morning, they're

1106
01:01:02,533 --> 01:01:04,869
going to launch 189
planes in a first wave.

1107
01:01:20,051 --> 01:01:22,762
Lieutenant,
something's happening.

1108
01:01:38,569 --> 01:01:39,404
They keep coming, sir.

1109
01:01:48,913 --> 01:01:51,499
There's a squadron of
B-17 replacements due from

1110
01:01:51,582 --> 01:01:52,834
California.

1111
01:01:52,917 --> 01:01:54,877
This must be them.

1112
01:01:55,002 --> 01:01:55,795
Relax.

1113
01:01:59,465 --> 01:02:02,635
Pearl Harbor at this point
houses the great majority

1114
01:02:02,760 --> 01:02:04,137
of the Pacific fleet.

1115
01:02:04,262 --> 01:02:06,681
Its majority of its
destroyers, its battleships.

1116
01:02:11,519 --> 01:02:14,480
Jeez, you guys hear that?

1117
01:02:14,605 --> 01:02:16,524
[plane engines approaching]

1118
01:02:37,628 --> 01:02:41,591
FDR is sitting in his
study with his stamps.

1119
01:02:41,716 --> 01:02:43,217
He's there with
his close advisor

1120
01:02:43,301 --> 01:02:45,428
Harry Hopkins, who lives
in the White House.

1121
01:02:45,511 --> 01:02:46,929
[phone rings]

1122
01:02:47,889 --> 01:02:49,807
Yes?

1123
01:02:49,891 --> 01:02:52,310
Knox, what is it?

1124
01:02:52,393 --> 01:02:53,186
No.

1125
01:03:04,155 --> 01:03:06,365
They've attacked Pearl Harbor.

1126
01:03:06,491 --> 01:03:09,494
That can't be right.

1127
01:03:09,619 --> 01:03:11,621
[siren wailing]

1128
01:03:22,381 --> 01:03:25,927
It must be a mistake.

1129
01:03:26,010 --> 01:03:28,721
The Japanese do
not have the guts.

1130
01:03:28,805 --> 01:03:35,269
Or they have while their
so-called diplomats sitting

1131
01:03:35,353 --> 01:03:37,605
with our secretary of state.

1132
01:03:37,688 --> 01:03:38,898
Get everybody in here.

1133
01:03:42,860 --> 01:03:45,112
There were so many
blunders at Pearl Harbor,

1134
01:03:45,196 --> 01:03:47,824
like we bumped into a
Japanese midget submarine

1135
01:03:47,949 --> 01:03:50,076
before the attack and
thought nothing of it.

1136
01:03:50,201 --> 01:03:51,869
Our radar stations
on Pearl Harbor

1137
01:03:51,953 --> 01:03:54,705
picked up the incoming first
wave of Japanese fighters

1138
01:03:54,789 --> 01:03:55,873
and dismissed it.

1139
01:04:01,379 --> 01:04:03,965
The Japanese see that the
harbor is filled with sitting

1140
01:04:04,048 --> 01:04:08,135
ducks, these great vessels
filled with crewmembers, filled

1141
01:04:08,219 --> 01:04:09,804
with ammunition, and
they're all tied up

1142
01:04:09,929 --> 01:04:11,472
and they're all right
next to each other.

1143
01:04:11,556 --> 01:04:13,224
So it's like shooting
fish in a barrel.

1144
01:04:19,647 --> 01:04:22,692
They're attacking with
a second wave right now.

1145
01:04:22,817 --> 01:04:23,609
How many?

1146
01:04:31,576 --> 01:04:33,452
It's battleship row.

1147
01:04:33,578 --> 01:04:35,454
They hit them all.

1148
01:04:35,580 --> 01:04:39,166
Eight sunk or incapacitated.

1149
01:04:39,250 --> 01:04:42,670
The Arizona lost with all hands.

1150
01:04:42,753 --> 01:04:45,715
Why in god's name were
they all tied up in dock?

1151
01:04:48,634 --> 01:04:51,721
Given how surprised they were
and how ill-prepared they were,

1152
01:04:51,846 --> 01:04:55,808
the Americans really put
up a pretty brave fight.

1153
01:04:55,933 --> 01:04:58,436
The one great failure
of Japanese intelligence

1154
01:04:58,519 --> 01:05:01,314
is that they don't know the
aircraft carriers aren't there,

1155
01:05:01,439 --> 01:05:06,402
so the three American carriers
end up escaping this attack.

1156
01:05:06,485 --> 01:05:07,987
But it's too little too late.

1157
01:05:10,656 --> 01:05:14,493
18 ships are sunk
or heavily damaged.

1158
01:05:14,619 --> 01:05:18,164
2,402 military
personnel are killed.

1159
01:05:18,289 --> 01:05:20,875
Another 1,247 are wounded.

1160
01:05:20,958 --> 01:05:24,211
Nearly 60 civilians are killed.

1161
01:05:24,337 --> 01:05:26,881
They take out hundreds
of American aircraft

1162
01:05:26,964 --> 01:05:30,760
and they destroyed critical
airfields and wharves.

1163
01:05:30,843 --> 01:05:35,514
The shock was then amplified
by the series of attacks.

1164
01:05:35,640 --> 01:05:38,935
Pearl Harbor was just one
of more than 10 invasions

1165
01:05:39,018 --> 01:05:41,729
and attacks that happened
all across the Pacific,

1166
01:05:41,812 --> 01:05:46,901
including Singapore and Malay
and eventually the Philippines.

1167
01:05:46,984 --> 01:05:48,527
The Japanese seemed unstoppable.

1168
01:05:51,656 --> 01:05:55,451
This is the worst
day in FDR's life.

1169
01:05:55,534 --> 01:05:59,246
He was so committed
to the US Navy.

1170
01:05:59,330 --> 01:06:00,915
When he was Assistant
Secretary of the Navy,

1171
01:06:00,998 --> 01:06:03,876
he was actually at the keel
laying ceremony for the USS

1172
01:06:04,001 --> 01:06:09,215
Arizona, and now it lay on
the bottom of Pearl Harbor.

1173
01:06:09,340 --> 01:06:11,300
After Pearl
Harbor, everyone who

1174
01:06:11,384 --> 01:06:13,219
was in the White
House on that day

1175
01:06:13,302 --> 01:06:16,597
said FDR exhibited
a deadly calm.

1176
01:06:16,681 --> 01:06:19,934
While aides are running in
and out with one report worse

1177
01:06:20,017 --> 01:06:26,357
than the next report in a
panic, he just remained calm.

1178
01:06:26,440 --> 01:06:28,609
Eleanor said that at
times of great crisis,

1179
01:06:28,693 --> 01:06:32,279
he could actually be an
iceberg, but that anger

1180
01:06:32,363 --> 01:06:33,781
and those feelings were inside.

1181
01:06:36,534 --> 01:06:42,915
Maybe 2,000 of our boys dead.

1182
01:06:43,040 --> 01:06:44,667
More than 100 planes lost.

1183
01:06:44,750 --> 01:06:45,918
God knows how many ships.

1184
01:06:51,215 --> 01:06:54,135
You cannot blame yourself.

1185
01:07:03,227 --> 01:07:04,770
It was on my watch.

1186
01:07:09,400 --> 01:07:10,901
[phone rings]

1187
01:07:12,570 --> 01:07:13,404
Hello?

1188
01:07:18,826 --> 01:07:20,244
Prime Minister Churchill.

1189
01:07:26,625 --> 01:07:27,418
Winston.

1190
01:07:30,046 --> 01:07:31,714
CHURCHILL (ON
PHONE): President,

1191
01:07:31,797 --> 01:07:33,007
what's this about Japan?

1192
01:07:36,093 --> 01:07:39,472
They've attacked
us at Pearl Harbor.

1193
01:07:39,597 --> 01:07:41,557
We're all in the same boat now.

1194
01:07:44,310 --> 01:07:47,063
Well, this simplifies things.

1195
01:07:49,940 --> 01:07:51,192
It certainly does.

1196
01:07:56,197 --> 01:08:00,326
Sunday, December 7th, 1941.

1197
01:08:00,451 --> 01:08:03,913
Late in the afternoon,
he lights a cigarette,

1198
01:08:04,038 --> 01:08:06,415
calls Grace Tully,
his secretary,

1199
01:08:06,540 --> 01:08:14,381
and dictates the great
speech with punctuation.

1200
01:08:14,507 --> 01:08:18,219
Yesterday, comma,
December 7th, 1941, comma,

1201
01:08:18,302 --> 01:08:23,390
a date which will live in world
history was the first line.

1202
01:08:23,474 --> 01:08:26,977
And he makes one of the
most extraordinary edits

1203
01:08:27,061 --> 01:08:29,355
and he crosses
out world history.

1204
01:08:29,480 --> 01:08:37,696
Yesterday, December
7th, 1941, a date which

1205
01:08:37,780 --> 01:08:45,287
will live in infamy, the United
States of America was suddenly

1206
01:08:45,371 --> 01:08:49,750
and deliberately
attacked by naval and air

1207
01:08:49,834 --> 01:08:52,920
forces of the empire of Japan.

1208
01:08:53,003 --> 01:08:55,381
When he goes to the
joint session of Congress,

1209
01:08:55,506 --> 01:08:58,134
that anger and fury are
underneath the resolve

1210
01:08:58,259 --> 01:09:00,886
and determination, and it
was just exactly what people

1211
01:09:00,970 --> 01:09:02,888
needed to hear.

1212
01:09:03,013 --> 01:09:03,931
This is treachery.

1213
01:09:04,014 --> 01:09:06,892
This will not stand.

1214
01:09:07,017 --> 01:09:12,439
I ask that the
Congress declare

1215
01:09:12,523 --> 01:09:18,946
that since the unprovoked and
dastardly attack by Japan,

1216
01:09:19,029 --> 01:09:25,119
a state of war has
existed between the United

1217
01:09:25,202 --> 01:09:28,831
States and the Japanese empire.

1218
01:09:28,914 --> 01:09:30,416
[applause]

1219
01:09:37,631 --> 01:09:40,467
Most people are completely
shocked by crisis,

1220
01:09:40,551 --> 01:09:42,636
either economic crisis or war.

1221
01:09:42,720 --> 01:09:44,346
FDR was not shocked.

1222
01:09:44,430 --> 01:09:47,016
He'd been through the crisis
of his own loss of his limbs.

1223
01:09:47,099 --> 01:09:49,310
Most people think they don't
have the confidence to deal

1224
01:09:49,393 --> 01:09:50,603
with these terrible things.

1225
01:09:50,728 --> 01:09:54,315
FDR had a lot of confidence.

1226
01:09:54,398 --> 01:09:57,318
The average American went to
bed on December 6th lukewarm

1227
01:09:57,443 --> 01:09:59,612
about the prospect
of going to war.

1228
01:09:59,737 --> 01:10:01,488
By the afternoon of
December 7th, many of them

1229
01:10:01,614 --> 01:10:04,033
believed what Admiral Nimitz
says as he steams back

1230
01:10:04,158 --> 01:10:05,826
into Pearl Harbor.

1231
01:10:05,910 --> 01:10:07,536
When we're done
with those people,

1232
01:10:07,620 --> 01:10:09,496
the only place that they will
speak the Japanese language

1233
01:10:09,580 --> 01:10:11,207
is in hell.

1234
01:10:11,290 --> 01:10:15,169
And effectively what they do
is they wake a sleeping giant.

1235
01:10:15,252 --> 01:10:17,671
December 8th, we
declare war on Japan.

1236
01:10:17,755 --> 01:10:19,757
Ironically, on the
11th of December,

1237
01:10:19,840 --> 01:10:21,550
Germany declares war
on the United States.

1238
01:10:21,634 --> 01:10:23,969
And then finally we
can declare war on them.

1239
01:10:24,053 --> 01:10:27,223
That was the war he knew
he needed to happen.

1240
01:10:27,348 --> 01:10:29,266
Roosevelt can
take off the gloves

1241
01:10:29,350 --> 01:10:32,853
and he can lead Americans
openly and honestly into war

1242
01:10:32,937 --> 01:10:36,232
against fascism, which was
the greatest threat democracy

1243
01:10:36,357 --> 01:10:37,900
had ever faced.

1244
01:10:37,983 --> 01:10:40,611
All of our allies, they're
looking at us for leadership.

1245
01:10:40,694 --> 01:10:42,988
It's not just about
leadership within the country.

1246
01:10:43,113 --> 01:10:45,699
It's now leadership
in the world.

1247
01:10:45,783 --> 01:10:46,992
Looking all around
him, it would have

1248
01:10:47,117 --> 01:10:49,036
been easy to be pessimistic.

1249
01:10:49,119 --> 01:10:52,539
But Napoleon reminds us all
leaders are dealers in hope,

1250
01:10:52,623 --> 01:10:54,875
and as an optimist,
it's his responsibility

1251
01:10:54,959 --> 01:10:57,711
to give not only the United
States hope, but also England

1252
01:10:57,795 --> 01:11:00,756
and the Soviet Union,
who are fighting Germany.

1253
01:11:00,881 --> 01:11:04,176
He is the dealer in hope for
the entire free world, not

1254
01:11:04,301 --> 01:11:08,389
an inconsequential
responsibility.

1255
01:11:08,514 --> 01:11:10,557
One very important
feature of World War II

1256
01:11:10,641 --> 01:11:12,726
is the sense of
shared sacrifice.

1257
01:11:12,810 --> 01:11:14,520
It's the same spirit during
the Great Depression,

1258
01:11:14,645 --> 01:11:16,939
that same idea that we're
all in this together.

1259
01:11:17,022 --> 01:11:19,316
The story of America's
mobilization in World War II

1260
01:11:19,400 --> 01:11:23,237
is really astonishing, taking
an army of just a couple 100,000

1261
01:11:23,320 --> 01:11:25,781
and building it up to 12
million people in uniform.

1262
01:11:25,906 --> 01:11:29,451
It was considered cowardly
and shameful and unpatriotic

1263
01:11:29,535 --> 01:11:31,662
for someone of
military age not to try

1264
01:11:31,787 --> 01:11:36,125
to serve in the military,
and that kind of sensibility

1265
01:11:36,250 --> 01:11:40,087
reached sons of very wealthy,
prominent people, who all enter

1266
01:11:40,170 --> 01:11:41,755
the military in
incredible numbers.

1267
01:11:41,839 --> 01:11:43,882
A large percentage
of people in Congress

1268
01:11:44,008 --> 01:11:46,552
have sons who are fighting.

1269
01:11:46,677 --> 01:11:49,430
And presidents have to set
an example for the country,

1270
01:11:49,513 --> 01:11:51,390
and I think it was
important for him

1271
01:11:51,515 --> 01:11:56,103
to know that his four boys
wanted to go into World War II.

1272
01:11:56,228 --> 01:12:00,566
So Elliott joins the Air
Force and Franklin and John

1273
01:12:00,691 --> 01:12:05,070
join the Navy, and then
James joins the Marines.

1274
01:12:05,195 --> 01:12:08,365
Franklin was particularly
close to James his oldest son,

1275
01:12:08,449 --> 01:12:11,660
and James played a critical
role during Franklin's recovery

1276
01:12:11,744 --> 01:12:12,536
from polio.

1277
01:12:18,208 --> 01:12:20,544
When do you start
this new assignment?

1278
01:12:20,627 --> 01:12:23,339
Marine Raiders,
Pa, in January.

1279
01:12:23,422 --> 01:12:26,508
So you ought to be
a guerrilla fighter.

1280
01:12:29,094 --> 01:12:32,514
When you ship out,
I'll keep track of you.

1281
01:12:32,598 --> 01:12:34,016
I don't see how.

1282
01:12:34,099 --> 01:12:36,143
I don't even know
where I'll be sent.

1283
01:12:36,226 --> 01:12:38,562
Jimmy, he is the president.

1284
01:12:38,645 --> 01:12:42,107
I intend to keep my eye on the
whereabouts of all of my sons.

1285
01:12:46,320 --> 01:12:48,447
There's coffee in the study.

1286
01:12:48,572 --> 01:12:50,783
You're all allowed one cup.

1287
01:12:50,908 --> 01:12:53,285
It'll be rationed soon, so
you'd better get used to it.

1288
01:13:00,084 --> 01:13:03,003
They all want to be
like their Uncle Ted,

1289
01:13:03,087 --> 01:13:05,089
go charging into battle.

1290
01:13:05,214 --> 01:13:08,467
Babs, you should be proud.

1291
01:13:08,592 --> 01:13:12,554
Each of our boys
is doing that part.

1292
01:13:12,679 --> 01:13:13,639
Oh, I am proud.

1293
01:13:16,141 --> 01:13:18,185
What are the odds of
all four coming home?

1294
01:13:22,022 --> 01:13:23,690
I refuse to think that way.

1295
01:13:32,825 --> 01:13:36,412
It's Christmastime 1941.

1296
01:13:36,495 --> 01:13:39,164
The United States has just
suffered enormous losses

1297
01:13:39,289 --> 01:13:42,668
with the attack on Pearl
Harbor, and Churchill

1298
01:13:42,793 --> 01:13:47,631
has come to meet FDR in person
to have a conference together

1299
01:13:47,714 --> 01:13:48,799
in Washington.

1300
01:13:51,969 --> 01:13:53,387
Winston, are you here?

1301
01:13:55,973 --> 01:13:57,641
I think I've got it.

1302
01:13:57,724 --> 01:14:00,519
We'll call it the
United Nations.

1303
01:14:00,602 --> 01:14:02,521
Yes, sounds good.

1304
01:14:02,646 --> 01:14:04,189
I like it.

1305
01:14:04,314 --> 01:14:05,566
Winston.

1306
01:14:05,649 --> 01:14:08,652
Oh, Franklin, my dear,
I do beg your pardon.

1307
01:14:08,735 --> 01:14:10,028
No need to go.

1308
01:14:10,112 --> 01:14:11,738
The prime minister
of Great Britain

1309
01:14:11,822 --> 01:14:14,867
has nothing to hide from the
president of the United States.

1310
01:14:17,870 --> 01:14:21,123
Join me for a drink.

1311
01:14:21,206 --> 01:14:24,209
Churchill's coming just
set everything in an uproar.

1312
01:14:24,293 --> 01:14:26,837
Churchill would stay up late
at night with Roosevelt. They'd

1313
01:14:26,920 --> 01:14:29,173
stay up drinking and
smoking until 2:00 AM,

1314
01:14:29,256 --> 01:14:31,508
and then Roosevelt would
have to get up in the morning

1315
01:14:31,592 --> 01:14:35,679
and run the country, and
Churchill would go take a nap.

1316
01:14:35,762 --> 01:14:38,140
They have these long
hours spent together

1317
01:14:38,265 --> 01:14:41,185
talking about the world,
two men speaking heart

1318
01:14:41,310 --> 01:14:44,521
to heart about the war.

1319
01:14:44,605 --> 01:14:47,983
Japan's main force just
landed in the Philippines.

1320
01:14:48,066 --> 01:14:50,068
Our boys are being pushed back.

1321
01:14:50,194 --> 01:14:52,154
Manila's in jeopardy.

1322
01:14:52,237 --> 01:14:54,948
Franklin, I need
your assurance

1323
01:14:55,032 --> 01:14:58,744
that you won't divert
resources to the Pacific

1324
01:14:58,869 --> 01:15:00,287
from us in Europe.

1325
01:15:00,370 --> 01:15:03,582
I have no intention of
stopping aid to Britain.

1326
01:15:03,665 --> 01:15:07,169
In fact, I want American
forces on the ground as soon

1327
01:15:07,252 --> 01:15:08,295
as possible.

1328
01:15:08,420 --> 01:15:10,506
Hitler could take
Moscow any day,

1329
01:15:10,589 --> 01:15:13,175
so the sooner we give
Stalin relief, the better.

1330
01:15:13,258 --> 01:15:17,179
We'll open up a second front in
France in the north or perhaps

1331
01:15:17,262 --> 01:15:18,931
through the Mediterranean.

1332
01:15:19,014 --> 01:15:21,683
What about here?

1333
01:15:21,808 --> 01:15:23,143
North Africa.

1334
01:15:23,227 --> 01:15:26,647
We're already toe to toe
with the Germans there.

1335
01:15:26,730 --> 01:15:29,024
Where your colonies are.

1336
01:15:29,107 --> 01:15:33,028
Yes, but also where
the Suez Canal is.

1337
01:15:33,111 --> 01:15:38,909
We've got to keep that
pipeline out of Nazi hands.

1338
01:15:38,992 --> 01:15:43,247
During the last war,
leadership was a muddle.

1339
01:15:43,330 --> 01:15:47,584
We lost time and lives.

1340
01:15:47,668 --> 01:15:53,257
This time, someone has
got to be in charge.

1341
01:15:53,340 --> 01:15:55,717
We've been in this longer.

1342
01:15:55,801 --> 01:15:59,888
The British Empire should lead.

1343
01:15:59,972 --> 01:16:04,309
Winston, they're
our tanks and planes.

1344
01:16:07,354 --> 01:16:11,692
America will lead.

1345
01:16:11,775 --> 01:16:15,237
And what comes out of that
is the Germany first policy.

1346
01:16:15,320 --> 01:16:16,530
We're going to fight Germany.

1347
01:16:16,613 --> 01:16:18,490
That's the major
threat to civilization.

1348
01:16:18,615 --> 01:16:23,036
But once Japan strikes Pearl
Harbor, that's US territory.

1349
01:16:23,120 --> 01:16:24,705
If they could strike
Pearl Harbor then

1350
01:16:24,788 --> 01:16:26,707
surely the next place
is the West Coast,

1351
01:16:26,790 --> 01:16:29,418
so there's panic
across the West Coast.

1352
01:16:29,543 --> 01:16:32,254
There will be a report of
imminent attacks against San

1353
01:16:32,337 --> 01:16:34,840
Diego and Los Angeles.

1354
01:16:34,965 --> 01:16:39,428
There was all this prejudice
against Japanese-Americans,

1355
01:16:39,511 --> 01:16:46,768
and when Pearl Harbor came,
the reaction was intensified.

1356
01:16:46,893 --> 01:16:50,939
On the street, they
were yelled at, spat at,

1357
01:16:51,023 --> 01:16:54,234
called horrible names.

1358
01:16:54,359 --> 01:16:56,278
Eleanor flies
to San Francisco,

1359
01:16:56,361 --> 01:17:01,658
and she walks without military
escort, without Secret Service,

1360
01:17:01,742 --> 01:17:04,536
in Japanese-American
communities.

1361
01:17:04,620 --> 01:17:07,539
She said, we must
not be stampeded

1362
01:17:07,664 --> 01:17:10,917
by the hysteria of the times.

1363
01:17:11,001 --> 01:17:15,088
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT: America
is a nation of nations,

1364
01:17:15,172 --> 01:17:18,967
and therein lies our strength.

1365
01:17:19,051 --> 01:17:24,264
When she comes back to D.C.,
it's very clear that FDR is

1366
01:17:24,348 --> 01:17:29,895
determined to issue an executive
order interning the Japanese.

1367
01:17:30,020 --> 01:17:34,399
Eleanor is absolutely
adamantly against it.

1368
01:17:34,483 --> 01:17:39,821
That morning of terror
I will never forget.

1369
01:17:39,905 --> 01:17:45,577
I was by the front window when
suddenly we saw two soldiers

1370
01:17:45,702 --> 01:17:47,412
marching up our driveway.

1371
01:17:47,537 --> 01:17:52,042
They carried rifles with
shiny bayonets on them.

1372
01:17:52,125 --> 01:17:55,212
They stomped up the front
porch and with their fists

1373
01:17:55,295 --> 01:17:59,257
began banging on the door.

1374
01:17:59,383 --> 01:18:03,011
We were loaded onto trucks
with other Japanese-American

1375
01:18:03,095 --> 01:18:06,765
families that had been
gathered, and we were driven out

1376
01:18:06,848 --> 01:18:13,939
to Santa Anita racetrack in the
outer fringes of Los Angeles.

1377
01:18:14,064 --> 01:18:16,983
President Roosevelt signed
Executive Order 9066

1378
01:18:17,067 --> 01:18:18,360
and we were taken away.

1379
01:18:28,412 --> 01:18:29,538
Eleanor, how's New York?

1380
01:18:29,579 --> 01:18:30,622
I need to speak to Franklin.

1381
01:18:37,421 --> 01:18:38,171
You signed it.

1382
01:18:38,255 --> 01:18:39,089
Yes.

1383
01:18:39,172 --> 01:18:40,882
Everyone advised I should.

1384
01:18:40,966 --> 01:18:42,634
Not everyone.

1385
01:18:42,759 --> 01:18:45,345
I was just on the radio
boasting like a fool

1386
01:18:45,429 --> 01:18:48,849
that we here in America protect
the rights of all people.

1387
01:18:48,932 --> 01:18:51,268
This is a matter
of national security.

1388
01:18:51,351 --> 01:18:52,728
I had no choice.

1389
01:18:52,811 --> 01:18:54,354
You're the president.

1390
01:18:54,438 --> 01:18:56,648
And I don't see you locking
up any German Americans.

1391
01:18:56,773 --> 01:18:58,275
There are 5 million of them.

1392
01:18:58,358 --> 01:18:59,943
Where would I put them?

1393
01:19:00,026 --> 01:19:03,739
These are families you're
targeting, American citizens.

1394
01:19:03,822 --> 01:19:07,826
Innocent people are going to
be deeply affected by this.

1395
01:19:07,951 --> 01:19:09,327
They did this to themselves.

1396
01:19:09,453 --> 01:19:11,163
Look what they did to Pearl.

1397
01:19:11,246 --> 01:19:14,166
They pretended to negotiate
while they bombed us.

1398
01:19:14,291 --> 01:19:17,169
But how can you shout
about freedom out there

1399
01:19:17,294 --> 01:19:18,754
and do this at home?

1400
01:19:21,131 --> 01:19:21,965
It's done.

1401
01:19:25,469 --> 01:19:26,762
I'm going back to
New York tomorrow

1402
01:19:26,887 --> 01:19:29,639
to see Franklin Jr.
at the hospital.

1403
01:19:29,723 --> 01:19:31,683
Yes.

1404
01:19:31,767 --> 01:19:34,227
He called to let me know he
doesn't miss his appendix

1405
01:19:34,311 --> 01:19:35,937
at all.

1406
01:19:36,021 --> 01:19:38,315
Yes, that sounds like him.

1407
01:19:38,398 --> 01:19:40,233
I expect he'll be back
at sea soon enough.

1408
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,878
The beginning of 1942, if
you looked across the Pacific,

1409
01:20:00,003 --> 01:20:01,963
there's nothing going well.

1410
01:20:02,047 --> 01:20:06,885
The Japanese have taken most
of the Dutch East Indies

1411
01:20:06,968 --> 01:20:11,139
as well as Singapore,
Wake Island, Guam.

1412
01:20:11,223 --> 01:20:13,892
As the Japanese attack
the Philippines,

1413
01:20:13,975 --> 01:20:17,229
the US forces will retreat
down the Bataan Peninsula.

1414
01:20:17,354 --> 01:20:18,480
Disease is rampant.

1415
01:20:18,605 --> 01:20:19,731
Men are underfed.

1416
01:20:19,856 --> 01:20:21,316
[cheering]

1417
01:20:26,363 --> 01:20:27,781
There's a real
problem with morale

1418
01:20:27,864 --> 01:20:29,449
in the country at that point.

1419
01:20:29,533 --> 01:20:33,203
FDR had to explain that this
was a different kind of war

1420
01:20:33,286 --> 01:20:36,039
and that the oceans no
longer protected us.

1421
01:20:36,122 --> 01:20:40,043
So he gave a fireside chat where
he asks everybody to get a map

1422
01:20:40,126 --> 01:20:42,420
and spread it before
them so they can follow

1423
01:20:42,504 --> 01:20:45,048
the progress of the
war, and it's incredible

1424
01:20:45,131 --> 01:20:46,508
how they respond.

1425
01:20:46,591 --> 01:20:48,510
I mean, the guy who was
the head of CS Maps Store

1426
01:20:48,593 --> 01:20:50,554
said he sold more
maps in that one week

1427
01:20:50,637 --> 01:20:52,806
than he had sold
in an entire year.

1428
01:20:52,889 --> 01:20:55,684
5, 4, 3.

1429
01:20:58,770 --> 01:21:02,691
This war is a new kind of war.

1430
01:21:02,816 --> 01:21:07,779
It is warfare in terms of
every continent, every island,

1431
01:21:07,904 --> 01:21:12,450
every sea, every
airlane in the world.

1432
01:21:12,534 --> 01:21:18,582
That is why I have asked you to
take out and spread before you

1433
01:21:18,665 --> 01:21:24,170
a map of the whole Earth
and follow with me.

1434
01:21:24,254 --> 01:21:25,630
Everybody's
listening on the radio,

1435
01:21:25,714 --> 01:21:27,674
having their maps
in front of them.

1436
01:21:27,757 --> 01:21:29,843
He's saying, we've been through
these tough times in America

1437
01:21:29,926 --> 01:21:31,177
before.
We've come through.

1438
01:21:31,261 --> 01:21:32,637
Them we're going to
come to them again.

1439
01:21:32,721 --> 01:21:37,809
From Berlin,
Rome, and Tokyo, we

1440
01:21:37,934 --> 01:21:42,314
have been described as
a nation of weaklings.

1441
01:21:42,397 --> 01:21:46,151
Let them repeat that now.

1442
01:21:46,234 --> 01:21:51,239
Let them tell that to General
MacArthur and his men.

1443
01:21:51,281 --> 01:21:54,910
Let them tell that to the
sailors who today are hitting

1444
01:21:54,993 --> 01:21:59,331
hard in the far
waters of the Pacific.

1445
01:21:59,456 --> 01:22:03,960
Let them tell that
to the Marines.

1446
01:22:04,085 --> 01:22:05,837
And then the spirit rose.

1447
01:22:05,962 --> 01:22:07,130
The people believed in him.

1448
01:22:07,213 --> 01:22:08,882
They believed in his word.

1449
01:22:08,965 --> 01:22:11,718
He would say to them, you've got
to trust that the government is

1450
01:22:11,801 --> 01:22:13,803
giving you the
right information,

1451
01:22:13,887 --> 01:22:16,765
and I have to trust that you
will hear it without flinching.

1452
01:22:16,848 --> 01:22:18,892
So that was the
reciprocal bond that he

1453
01:22:18,975 --> 01:22:20,477
created with the people.

1454
01:22:20,560 --> 01:22:23,897
FDR knew that waiting
month after month after month

1455
01:22:23,980 --> 01:22:26,232
with nothing but bad news
coming out of the Pacific

1456
01:22:26,358 --> 01:22:28,443
was going to be deeply
demoralizing to the American

1457
01:22:28,526 --> 01:22:32,405
people, and so FDR presses
the military for some way

1458
01:22:32,489 --> 01:22:35,784
to strike at Japan, even if
it's just a symbolic strike,

1459
01:22:35,909 --> 01:22:40,121
and that leads to the
famous Doolittle Raid.

1460
01:22:40,205 --> 01:22:43,041
Named for Lieutenant
Colonel James Doolittle, one

1461
01:22:43,166 --> 01:22:45,669
of the great pilots
in American history,

1462
01:22:45,752 --> 01:22:47,921
the plan is they're
going to take B-25s,

1463
01:22:48,004 --> 01:22:51,049
these massive bombers, and
they're going to fly them off

1464
01:22:51,174 --> 01:22:53,718
of an aircraft carrier in
the middle of the Pacific

1465
01:22:53,843 --> 01:22:56,054
and hit Tokyo during training.

1466
01:22:56,137 --> 01:22:58,932
It's so secret, the
men involved do not

1467
01:22:59,015 --> 01:23:00,392
know what their mission is.

1468
01:23:00,517 --> 01:23:02,644
They're going to
fly treetop level,

1469
01:23:02,769 --> 01:23:05,689
they're going to strike
Tokyo and four other cities.

1470
01:23:05,772 --> 01:23:08,608
They don't do much
material damage.

1471
01:23:08,692 --> 01:23:12,153
But psychologically
it's a game changer.

1472
01:23:12,237 --> 01:23:15,615
Maybe more psychologically
damaging on the Japanese side

1473
01:23:15,699 --> 01:23:19,244
is Japan home island and
Tokyo had been struck.

1474
01:23:19,369 --> 01:23:21,830
He has a press conference
afterward to explain what had

1475
01:23:21,913 --> 01:23:23,581
happened and the
reporters asked,

1476
01:23:23,707 --> 01:23:25,291
where do these
B-25s 25s come from?

1477
01:23:25,375 --> 01:23:26,918
And of course he's not going
to reveal that because that's

1478
01:23:27,043 --> 01:23:28,962
top secret information,
so he rather impishly

1479
01:23:29,087 --> 01:23:31,381
says, Shangri-La.

1480
01:23:31,464 --> 01:23:33,842
He's poking fun
at the Japanese,

1481
01:23:33,925 --> 01:23:35,969
and the Americans love it.

1482
01:23:36,052 --> 01:23:40,348
FDR knows a small but
symbolically powerful

1483
01:23:40,432 --> 01:23:43,935
strike like the Doolittle Raid
will have immense benefits

1484
01:23:44,060 --> 01:23:45,020
for the war effort.

1485
01:23:45,145 --> 01:23:46,771
For the Japanese,
the chief impact

1486
01:23:46,855 --> 01:23:49,858
is they realize just
how vulnerable they are.

1487
01:23:49,941 --> 01:23:52,527
This makes Japan more
determined than ever

1488
01:23:52,610 --> 01:23:54,529
to keep the Americans
at arm's length

1489
01:23:54,654 --> 01:23:58,283
so they can't penetrate into
Japanese airspace and rain

1490
01:23:58,408 --> 01:23:59,826
bombs on Tokyo and
the other cities

1491
01:23:59,909 --> 01:24:02,620
as they did during
the Doolittle Raid.

1492
01:24:02,746 --> 01:24:06,499
Japan is looking for ways to
finish the job that it began

1493
01:24:06,583 --> 01:24:08,626
at Pearl Harbor.

1494
01:24:08,710 --> 01:24:13,256
Midway Island, it's halfway
between America and Asia,

1495
01:24:13,339 --> 01:24:16,676
and it was like critical
base for the US Navy

1496
01:24:16,760 --> 01:24:20,305
to be able to provide
supplies for American vessels

1497
01:24:20,388 --> 01:24:22,182
in the Pacific.

1498
01:24:22,265 --> 01:24:25,643
Japanese Admiral Yamamoto
forms a huge flotilla

1499
01:24:25,727 --> 01:24:29,856
of about 200 vessels and
sends them to Midway Island.

1500
01:24:29,939 --> 01:24:32,192
The Japanese believe that
if they can threaten it,

1501
01:24:32,275 --> 01:24:34,903
it will bring those US carriers
that weren't at Pearl Harbor

1502
01:24:34,986 --> 01:24:37,864
out and they can destroy
them in one climactic battle.

1503
01:24:44,329 --> 01:24:45,872
Good afternoon, Mr. President.

1504
01:24:45,997 --> 01:24:49,709
General Marshall, what
have you got for me?

1505
01:24:49,793 --> 01:24:51,836
Our team cracked it.

1506
01:24:51,961 --> 01:24:56,257
They fooled the Japanese into
identifying their target.

1507
01:24:56,341 --> 01:24:58,134
They're going to hit
us at Midway, sir.

1508
01:24:58,218 --> 01:25:00,345
So what are we looking at?

1509
01:25:00,470 --> 01:25:04,057
They'll move a task force
in, carriers, the works.

1510
01:25:04,140 --> 01:25:07,602
We have to expect an
invasion force of 60,000.

1511
01:25:07,727 --> 01:25:09,062
60,000?

1512
01:25:09,145 --> 01:25:11,231
But, sir, we know where
they're going to be,

1513
01:25:11,314 --> 01:25:13,525
so we can lay a trap.

1514
01:25:13,650 --> 01:25:17,946
If we move our carriers in
here, we can hit the Japanese

1515
01:25:18,029 --> 01:25:19,656
from the air.

1516
01:25:19,781 --> 01:25:23,743
Admiral Yamamoto does not know
that the Americans have broken

1517
01:25:23,827 --> 01:25:25,453
the Japanese code.

1518
01:25:25,537 --> 01:25:27,956
Admiral Chester Nimitz,
leading the American forces

1519
01:25:28,081 --> 01:25:31,459
in the Pacific, knows that
Yamamoto's force is heading

1520
01:25:31,543 --> 01:25:35,046
towards Midway Island, and
he begins to set a trap.

1521
01:25:35,171 --> 01:25:37,549
But the American forces
could lose Midway Island

1522
01:25:37,674 --> 01:25:42,220
and untold assets in terms of
airplanes and Naval vessels.

1523
01:25:42,303 --> 01:25:43,847
He took risks.

1524
01:25:43,930 --> 01:25:47,475
Again and again, you see
these moments of great daring.

1525
01:25:47,559 --> 01:25:50,895
So we've got a chance to even
up the odds in the Pacific.

1526
01:25:51,020 --> 01:25:53,565
If we do not succeed,
they will overrun our base,

1527
01:25:53,690 --> 01:25:56,317
but we have Marine
reinforcements come in Midway

1528
01:25:56,401 --> 01:25:57,819
as we speak.

1529
01:25:57,902 --> 01:26:01,114
Whatever happens, we'll
put up a hell of a fight.

1530
01:26:03,616 --> 01:26:06,327
See this ship, General?

1531
01:26:06,452 --> 01:26:08,872
It's got Marines aboard
heading for Midway.

1532
01:26:12,208 --> 01:26:15,253
My son Jimmy is one of them.

1533
01:26:15,336 --> 01:26:16,963
So he's with Carlson then?

1534
01:26:19,757 --> 01:26:23,261
He's going to be in the
thick of it, isn't he?

1535
01:26:23,386 --> 01:26:24,053
Yes, sir.

1536
01:26:24,179 --> 01:26:24,971
He will.

1537
01:26:30,727 --> 01:26:31,936
God bless them all.

1538
01:26:35,148 --> 01:26:37,692
Summer of '42, the Battle
of the Atlantic still rages.

1539
01:26:37,775 --> 01:26:41,529
The Germans are 500 miles into
the Soviet Union at this point.

1540
01:26:41,613 --> 01:26:43,823
The Mediterranean is
still a battleground.

1541
01:26:43,907 --> 01:26:45,325
How could this happen?

1542
01:26:45,450 --> 01:26:47,160
It's one defeat.

1543
01:26:47,243 --> 01:26:48,661
It's not over.

1544
01:26:48,745 --> 01:26:50,914
FDR's responsibility is
to be the global optimist

1545
01:26:50,997 --> 01:26:52,874
for Western civilization.

1546
01:26:52,957 --> 01:26:55,376
Marshal Stalin,
what's he really like?

1547
01:26:55,501 --> 01:26:56,961
[non-english], President.

1548
01:26:57,045 --> 01:26:59,172
We need to strike
in France now.

1549
01:26:59,255 --> 01:27:02,300
I'm not certain your
Yanks are ready for that.

1550
01:27:02,383 --> 01:27:05,637
To say that there's a lot
riding on D-Day is a massive

1551
01:27:05,720 --> 01:27:06,888
understatement.

1552
01:27:06,971 --> 01:27:10,767
Our sons, pride of
our nation, this day

1553
01:27:10,892 --> 01:27:14,145
have set upon a mighty
endeavor, a struggle

1554
01:27:14,270 --> 01:27:19,150
to preserve our republic
and our civilization.